THE GOLD COAST. 1656 - 1657. VII. The Dutch Directors-General on the Gold Coast, 1656 - 1657. JACOB RUICHAVER. Died at Elmina, 28th January 1656. JOHAN VALCKENBURCH. Chief Factor at Elmina (formerly Fiscal). Elected by Council provisional Director-General on 1st February 1656; from which date appointed Director-Genera l by the Assembly of the XIX, for a period of three years. Commission from States Genera l dated 9th August 1656. 1656. l. Resolutions of States General 1656. (St.Gen. 3229) 19 July 1656. Recd letter from Directors of WIC. at Chr Arnst. dd 18th inst. and therewith, copy of the Points of Convocation, on which the Assembly of XIX is conveued against the last of this month, in Amsterdam; requesting their Ho. ~o. to appoint Deputies. Resolved to do so against the appointed time. (N.B. Neither letter nor P. of C. are in St. Gen. 5781) ~.August 1656. Received a letter from the Deputies of the Gen. Chart. WIC. representing the Assembly of the XIX, written at Amsterdam the 8th inst. requesting Commission for and for the behoof of JAN VALKENBORSH, appointed by them to b~ Direc~or General on the Coast of Africa, fallen vacant through the death of Jacob Ruychaver. Whereupon being deliberated, is found good and resolved ~e hereby to consent to the aforesaid request, and the requirea Com- mission shall be dispatched accordingly; the Council in GUINEA being authorised to administer, on behalf and in the name of their Ho. Mo. the proper oath on the aforesaid Commission to the aforenamed Valkenborch. Then is the above-named Commis ,ion drawn up by Mr van Renswoude. (St. Gen. 6781) The above original latter from the W.I.C. stating thay have appointed Valkenborch, in pursuamce of P.of C. 4., who is t present provision-\ ·. ..... r ally occupying the ~ee~ office. They ask for the Commission to be handed to their colleague Abraham Wilmerdoncx, at present in the Hague, a s they desire to dispatCh it by the "Conine Salomon", form the Amsterdam Chamber, a t present lying at Texel ready to sall) 19 August 1656. Received letter from the Deputed Directors of t he Vi IC. repres enting the Assembly of the XIX, assembled at Amst er - dam, written there 11th, in compliance with their EO. :Ao. ' s instructions, about which they could not yet draw up and transmit an accurate statement of ~he income and charge s e~-*BeemQ of the respective Chambers; upon which no resolution fell. 2. 1656. (St.Gen. 5781). Wriginal letter from the deputed Dir- ectors of the WIC. at the Assembly of the XIX, to the States General, dd. Amsterdam 11th August 1656:- -They have depiberated in their Assembly how and in what manner they could best com~ly with their Ho. Mo.s' desires about drawing up and tramsmitting an accurate statement of the income and charges of the respective Cham~ers of the W.I.C. in which they find themselves perplexed that they cannot determine anything certain therein, either as regards the charges, which for the most part consist in some millions na deposito", curr- ent debts for delivered goods and earned monthly salaries, which daily appear and come up, through the loss of the glorious conquests of Brazil, and through the lack of the subsidies promised by Y. Ho. Mo. to the Company,and can- not be paid; as also about the income, which is small amd ever~thing uncertain, and no account or statement can be made up, as the trade of GUINEAis being disturbed by the SWEDES, DANES, aae ENGLISH, and Interlopers, the Caribean navigation forbidden by the English, and from the Cruising (Cruisserije), slave trading, and other prmvate trading places, in one year somethmgg, and again in the next, nothing, is drawn. ••• • •• - 8. December 1656. Is read at the Assembly a petition from the Directors from the respective Cham~ers at present assembled here in . the Hague, to the effect that the King of Portugal, in ~'~~A his hostile designs'~ant the said Company, can only be thwarted and opposed with arms. Whereupon, being deli- berated, is found good and resolved that the said peti- tion be placed in the hands of ~ae Messrs Huygens and other their Ho. Mo.s' deputies for the affairs of the WIC, to insp ~ ct and examine the same and to think out proposals whereby the reputation of this State may be repairea (gereleveert) and the ruined affairs of the afore- named Company redressed with vigour; and to report there- on. (N .B. The above Petition not found). 9. December 1656. Rec eived a letter from Wouter van der Houwe,Merchant residing at Lisbon, written there 14th November last, (.N.B. Not found) containing report and, int er alia, conc erning the equippage which was being made there to Brazil. Resolved trilit the letter be placed in the haads of t he above ~emm~ss~BeP Deputies to examine and report ther eon. 1656. 3. SECRET Resolution of the States General 1656, (S.G.2568) "For the Secret Register." 22nd December 1656. Once more was brought forward at the Assembly the Letter from Wouter Abrahams van der Hoeven, written at Lisbon the 14th November last, and especial attention paid to the assistance therein c cmprised, concerning a certain design which the King of Fnrtugal ~ intended against the Coast of GUINEA and the Castle DEL MINA ~here. Is after deliberation, found good and resolved that the WIC of these Lands shall be succoured by or on behalf of this State, and the said Castle DEL MINA be provided with a real assistance or succour of 200 soldiers without any loss of time; and that for the execution there- of, a5 also for the transpoet of the said soldiers, also for the purchase of ammunition of war, victuals, medici- nes and other neeessities needful for the preservation of the aforesi!d Castle to be sent thither, shall be placed in the hands of some of the Directors of the said Company, to be specially deputed by their Ho. Mo., a sum of 60,000 Cart: Glds., who shall be bound to give account and to make due report thereof to the Satisfaction of th~ir Ho. Mo. that the said sum shall be effectively employed for the end as above. Me ssrs the Deputies from the Province of Gelderland have taken the afores aid matter ov .;r in order to recommend it to their Principals. 'rhe ~rovinc_s of Zeeland, Utrecht, Overijssel, and Stadt en ~nde have agreed to the aforesaid decision at the pleas- ure of their ~ia respective Principals; but the Deputy from Friesland, present, ha~ decpared not to be able to acquiesce in the foregoing decision, as being instructed to the contrary; referring, about it, to the previous note on behalf of that ~rovince, in the matters of the ~ .I.C., which has beo.;n recorded in the books. 4. 1656. Minutes of the IBesoignesl! of the ill. W.I.C. (WIC.oc.5) 4th August 1656. Is read the general letter from Jan Valckenburgh, provisional Dir. Gen. of the N. C. of Africa to the XIX, come over by the ship "Graaf Ebno" dd. 16th alarch 1656, at the Castle St Genrge del ~ina in GUINEA, over which long discussnons ensued ••• and to-morrow a beginning will be made with the reading of the furhther papers and letters come over by the said ship from GUINEA. 5t h August 1656. Likewise were read 2 letters from Dir. Gen. Ruychaver one dd. 17th .V1arch & the other 1st August 1655, both written at the Castle St George d'El Mina to the Assembly of the XIX, which, together with the annexures, as also the letter from Jan Valckenburgh, at present provisional Director there, which was read yesterday, are placed in the hands of the deputies Messrs Man, Pergyns Baute Hove Loosen & Swarte, to examine the same, to make a summary thereof, and also, on the 4th & 5th Points of Convocation, concerning that 6oast, the cruising, slave trade, and Caribean navigation, and to make written advice and breport to their H.H. and to bring in the same as soon as possible to the Assembly. 8th August 1656. -Having heard the report of the above deputies, on the 4th Point is appointed Valckenburgh as D.G. of the N. C. of Africa, upon the terms stated in the XIX's letter to Valckenburgh dd. 16th August (post) lOthi August 1656. - un the 5th Point, the regulation for the Slave amd Carribean trades is approved, and, with reference to the Reolution of the XIX of 17th Sept 1648, as to division of of profits for Commission-ships, 3e~~~~e5-~e-ee-a~~e~n~eG ~ns~p~e~eG the Deputies were requested to obtain instruct- ions from their Principals, and to come qualified to dispose of the said Points.- -Decision about the Danish commissioned ship "Vliegende Hart", as recorded in the letter from XIX to Valckenburgh, dd. 16t h August (post). 1656. 5. 11th August 1656. -The form of Bond (Borchtocht) to be s igned by the owners of ships which sail for tho;:; slave trade was app- roved. (;rhel form is set out and providcls, int er a lia, that licence shall be granted to the skip~er of the ship to trade slaves ob the Coast of Africa, an~ to trade them in the Caribean Islands and other places, but that he shall not be allowed to put in on the North Coast of Africa, from Cabo Verde inclusive as far as to Ardre exclusive, nor in the rivers, bays, or creeks situate between the two places, but he may drive his trade from Ardre downwards to Cabo de Loop, and so, fUrther, to the Cape of Good Hope; except Loan~o, where the Company has its own I.&€lge Factory. ••• • ••J 12t h August 1656. Being founi that the letter come over from Dir. Gen. Jan Valckenburgh reports that on the Coast of Guinea some sailors are required for the yachts, and that for the pro- vision of that conquest such quantity of victuals is not required as in the resolution of the XIX of 30th August 1655 is expressed; is tLerefore foudfgood and resolved that, i.a.w. his wishes , victuals for only 100 men shall be sent , with the addi~ion of two firkins vinggar ~sijft' which, a3 it appears , is required more than any other wet or dry provisions ; and, in/stead of 30 soldiers on each shiv in orJer of rotation , shall be ordered that 24 be sent every quarter of the year ~wi9.'gRQ'H~1~ jaaps), on the condition, neve.'theless, that on the ships in order of rotation, sailors shall be sent, whom the Dir. Gen. shall be allowed to take off ~rom them , for the provision of the Coa~t, and employ them for that purpose and, if they are foun on th.;: ships, those who have indulged in smuggling; with which the aforenamed regulation, which other .. ise remains in its entirety, is amended and alte 'ed. ( The remainder of the resolut ions are suffilZiently notea. in the letters to the Gold I.;oast, noted next hereafter. ) 'esolutionw Arnst & Zeel. Chrs. NIL. Resolution of Chief ~articipants Ze~land ( IIC.oc.37) of 17 Nov.1656. nea letter from Valckenburgh 12 July 1656, reporting the bad stdte of trade,and also thro' th~ great smuggling by the ships which come from home, ther e is no demand in the saayen & liquor, as those are brought over by the s' 1lors. 6. 1656. Copy letters from the XIX. WIC. to the Gold Coast. (Letter book, WIC. oc.10) 1). 'lhe 16th August 1§.§§.. In Amsterdam. Joannes Valckenburgh, Director over the Northern District of the Coast of Africa. Sent by the ship the "King Salomon". Hond. Valiant, Trusty Well-beloved. The death of YH's predecessor, My Jacob Ruychaver, of good memory, was , to our grief,made known to us by your lett er dd. 16th ~rch last. We had well wished to see he had lived longer for the good of the Company, if it had pleased the ~rd God who knows what is best! for us and acts for our good, in.which then w~ must be tranquil. It has been great ly to onr s&~isfas~ieB consolation ~a&~ to learn that YH has been elected,with proper order, provisionally to the direct ion of our af±:airs. We are well pleased about it, relying upon your' devortion and aBi~± ability and trustworthiness. Having also conSid- ered your request, we hav~ , after ripe deliberation, found good to engage YH as our Director General for the period of three consecutive years, commenCing from the 1st February of thmi year 1656, which wil l expire on the same day of the year 1659, and that at a salary of 300 Glds per month, together with the other perquisites (voorleden) like JiJir Ruychaver has stipulated for ,on his his last voyage out; in confirmation whereof, we tramsmit to YH the- conditions 'of the same engagement of the Assembly of the XIX, together with the Commission for YH from their Ho. Mo. Lds. St. Gen. of these tands. May the Lord God grant his blessing thereto, for-our Company's and your good, and our contin~ous mutua l contentment. rThat you, immediately upon entering into offiee, sent missions and presents to the neighbouring Kings and peoples, we con- sider was very well done, and highly recommend you to ma intain well the old friendship with the Natives of the country, to help to accomodate and settle wars and dis- turbances already arisen, or to arise amonst them, so that our trade may take its course without hindrance. With the ENGLISH, SWEDES, and other allies of this State you will also continue in friendship, but with good circums pection, if this can be ~one without prejudice to us • Especia lly we recommend you to be well on your guard and to keep a watchful eye upon the PortWguese, if they should seek to attempt anything. If we have the Natives 1656. 7. on our side, and they work w_ 11 I"lith us (as ,'Ie are con- fident) they can do us very considerable seryice, and help us in time of need, as YH knoVls. And especially should good ca re be taken that we may stand w_ll with the inhabitants of del ~ina, and that they are given by us no cause for the diminution of the affec~ion and good disposition which we are confident (from reports) they bear towards us; so that they do not let themsellles be (! 3.1. iii blL jb. La. (1- _ corrupted by the PORTUGUESE' who (If they have their eyes in that direttion, of which there is some talk) might easily seek to impose upon them, of the favours shown to them in olden times, to which they would, through dis- content (disgousteringe) , the more readily listen. Ab- out this, we recolllillend you toA'paQt ie-e this w~l1 , in order t fVU'~~ to forestall the evtl as much as possible. If we should hear of anything definite about equip- pages thither, about which We shll sharply enquire, YH shall be forewarned with out loss of time. Nevertheless, be on your guard meantime, lest it should be ~iaBB&H­ planned secretly and under cover, from elsewhere. We await with interest what you have been able to bring about (te wege brengen) at the appointed meeting and confvr ence with JAN HENNEQUA. We approve the all- owance to him of one ounce gold per mmnth, in the hope of getting him and his brother JAN CLAESSEN, in due time, on our side again; to which purpose a ll conceiva~le means ought to be taken in hand by you, considering the import- ance which would result, for the considerable increase of ur trade, and the diminution of that of the SWEDES, in order , the better, to be a ble to exist above them . On our ide, the respect ive Chambers will contribute their share towards thiS, by promptly supplying you, from time 8. 1&56. to time, with everything you require, and is to be obtained here. The change of the SWEDISH Directors also gives us some B~e good hope for the improvement of our affairs there; to which, also, the due effort for economy will help not · a little) whicfrwe mos~ highly eecommend to you, and will be very glad to see put into practice. It has been very satisfactory to us to learn of your intention to have some slaves instructed and made into competent artisans, and to sail on thd yachts. We will trust that this will succeed well. We hold it for good that you should, a second time, make trial¢ to see whether trade could be obtained at LUDIOY (N.B. Legu, vide note to Dammaert's Journal 1655) for which the ACCANISTS had given good hope. To attempt and seek this at other places which are in any way of consideration and likelihood, will always be¢ pleasing an satisfactory to us to hear~7 We have seen what you write about the trade of Angola, by means of the factory there, and that you consider it not to be so servicable to leave it to be traded with ~Be i yachts in the Bight, which we will not gainsay; but, neve r - the less, we find it good, hereby, to order that you will not only continually provide that factory well, but also let the yachts in the Bight trade, not doubting that this also will be profitable for us. (?) the tusks noch weI gelden with good profit can be done, and serve for the in- crease of our trade and the dimunition of that of the ENG- LISH, SWEDES and Int er'lopers. Upon which latter you will have a very sharp look-out kept; if they are slavers, or are contravening their regulation and Commission, to have good certificatesi Qa thereof, under oath laid over, and to proceed against them without any dissimulation or res- pect, according to the tenour of the said regulalLion, with which you are well acquainted. We have seen, with surprise, from your letter, your complaints about the yachts sent. The Chamber of Amste r - dam reports to us -ghat the yacht Amsterveen was well found,and the faults will apparently be found in the 1656. 9. balla3ting or lading. -He is to enquire further as to bhis, and report. We are very greatly surprised that you make no mention in your letter of the ship "Kater", skipper Albert Cocx, which nevertheless had been at de Mina. His Commission ought to have been demanded i n order to know haw to pro- ceed aga~ft&~-Bim with hi~. It is definitely reported to us that he had two Commissions or orders, one from our c~lleag~ues at the Chamber on the Maze and another from France, with which latter he took a smallt English ship with 90 slaves, at Cabo de Loopo Gonsalvo, and traded the same to the hereafter named ship "Liefde" of Vlissingen, against the owners of which the inter4st ed parties have instituted proceedings here and commenc ed an act~l~r damages. If his Commission had been well exami ere, on showing the French Commission, his Netherlanda.craw could have been taken from him, and on his Netherlands (Commission) one could have proceeded, as am example to others, to adjudicate for the confiscation of his ship and goods, as baving exc~eded his Commission, and become liabU t o the penalty. That the strong importations (toevoe ringe) of the SWEDES and ENGLISH, as a lso the smuggling and interloping is very injurious to us, we feel very bitterly, not knov/- ing any sufficient reme,Yi against it than the recognised general one of labouring, with economy and industry, for the increase of our trade and the reduction of our charges; perceiving our only salvation to be in the practice thereof. Against the smuggling, we think it would be good, on the arrival of the ships , to take off all the crew, and have them relieved by others, in order thus the better to pursue and confiscate the smuggled goods. As ou request the sending of men for the yachts, w~ will send them in the future, above those necessary for the ships, 6 sailors and 24 soldiers, so that you can take from the crew 6 sailors, especially those whom you find guilty of smugbling, and employ them on the yachts in the Bight. It vexes us above measure to se~ that the smugblers are so richly provided .. ith goods, and that, by those whom We consider such does not by any meuns become. We have seen vith pleasure from lOur letter that J OU ha had the int rloper ship "Liefde" of Vlis3ingen chased nd ursued there. e shall see, upon its hOillecoming, 10. 1656. what there is for us to do. Please to continue in this if other such appear on the Coast. -They approve, upon the recommendation of the late Mr Ruichaver, of the appointment of Mr Ed~rd Man to be Fiscal, on the death of Paulus van der Heul, at a salary of f.50 per month, and are sending him his Commission and Instruction. You will give him all assistance and support, a s is proper, where he needs it. We are surprised that the proceedings for the confis- cation of the seized and sent up yacht "Duijff" were not commenced there, w@ieh we most speedily recommedd to you, adding -that you should do the same with all other ships which you may catch there; for we can then fall back u i gainst the in~ erested parties of the ship caught 's countr nen e sued in law about it. On the situation of Ihla Principe, we shall await your further report. It is considered by others that it would be very servicable to our Company; you will there- fore enquire further about it, and how to defend it, in case it were found good to take its occupation in hand. Your predecessor, Mr Ruichaver, had informed us in his letter of 1st August, how the SWEDES were establishing a Lodge at CABO APOLONIA, and how ~ae he was resorting to means for the destruction thereof, and had good hopes of it. What has occurred about that, and the situation of the same you will apprise us by the next opportunity. Also whet her the English were again &~~Sm~~~Bg making a Lodge at ACRAA. If you observe the attempt to do so, you will endeavour, in the best manner, to prev ent tue same. To the English Principal's request to lend him 100 Marks gold , and excused by you, this serves for our 1656. 11. order that in case such might again be asked for, to lend nothing but to excuse it with the same reason of inability. To your question how you will have to act wi"{;h the ships from the Maaze, Northern Quarter & Groening en, whic h will not be able to find their return cargoes ready, we reply that the one Chamber as well as the other would like to have its ship home again in a short time, but if you find, according to the circumstances of affairs and time there, that the sending back cannot conveniently be done, then you.till ripaly deliberate and arrange for the best ser- vice of the Company, and, with all proper circumspection, prudently employ those shi~s for cruising where the best profits are, apparently,to be obtained, either to Angola, st Thome, or elswhere; which is also understood for the ships from Amsterdam and Zeeland,-using such equality therein that the one Chmaber is not favoured abo~e the other - in case no sufficient return cargo for the same should be on hand. On the request of the Venfrich Somer, we have granted his discharge, and have sent for his relief, Jacob Maer- ssen, and in case Jacob Maerssen comes to die, you .. ill pay attention to Sergeant Philip Hector, sent out by the ship "Gouden Hengst" from the Chamber of the Maze and, judging him to be competent, give him the plaCe, subject to our approval. In the recruitment of soldiers, attention will be paid to ma sons, and other artisans; a locksmith h&.v...ng already been recruited by the Chamber Amsterdam, and orders given to look out for a bood Blacksmith. ~e have been c; l C:ld to see from your letter that in future you will transmit the mans' pay (betalinge) by the home- coming ships. For various 500d reasons , this ought not to be neglected to be done, and should be kept in continu- ous observation. ' he Chambers will by no means fail ~e in promptness of payment, of which you might freely assure everyone, for their contentment; the practice to the contrary (as you know) bein6 ve.y prejudicial to us. Victuals the Chambers will henceforth send accor ling to the lists sent, for 100 men . Cement and ~linkers are, for the most part being sent to you now, by the "Goninck Salomom" from Ams~erdam. By th next folIo lng ship you may expect the rest. 12. 1656. In the purchase of cargo goods? the Chambers will follow the latest Formulars, but consider it necessary and very useful to have an account or specification of the surpluses, each one its own, and the whole to us, the total of the surplus of the merchandise on the Coast which will serve for our good information. With the dispatch of monthly receipts, you will please to continue form time to time. , We shall see to arranging that the cooperage (cooper- vaten) is made up to measures of 5-600 Ibs, if it is in any way practicable. We will bear in mind j Our complaints about the medicines, to pay attention to them in future. We should not have been displeased if you had confiscated the medicines re- ferred to, offerred for sale there, as being brought there without our consent, contrary to the Articuul Brief. That the Preacher, Westerwijck, sent there by the Cham- ber Zeeland, gives satisfaction, is very pleasing to us, and we have to thank that Chamber for it. God grant that his teaching and life there among the many people of every kind of humour, may lead to the beterment of life and the salvation of many souls. We are defin£tely informed here that in the ELVE, is ±~tia~ being equipped to GUINEA a private ship, named the "Vliegende Hart", skipper and factor Jan Hendricx resident at Amsterdam, with a DANISH Commission; whish w~ have thought good to communicate herewith to you, and besides, to order you (if it is true that there are Hollanders t upon it, and probably some owners dwell here) if you can find it there, to seize the said ship in order to take off the Netherlanders from it,and to obtain due in- formation of the situation of it, and to take further pro- ceedings with it as shall be found to be proper in accord- ance with the Placades of their Ho. Mo. Lds. St. Gen. issued against such-like persons and ships, and the orders of the Assembly of the XIX. -They send copy of the St.Gens' Resolution of 9th(Augt) re his Commission, i.a.w. which the Councillors are to administer the oath to him, which he is to take upon rec- eipt hereof, in conformity with the usage in that country there, and advise their Ho. Mo. & us thereof. With which, &c Hond. &c. (no signatlilres). 1656. 13. 2) Johannes Valckenburgh. The 17th August 1656. In Amsterdam. Hand. Valiant, Trusty Well-beloved, :s By the general letter from the Deputies representing the Assembly of the XIX, you will perceive that we, on behalf of the Chamber Zeeland are charged to wish you success and welfare in the office and the election to such a high charge, to which we, on our part wish to contribute, that your service may tend to the profit o~ the Company in gener- al and to the trading Chambers in particular, to which may God Almighty be pleased to grant his blessing. In the As- sembly we have come to the examination of the charg e s ac- count of the charges there on the Coa st, since 1 Jan 1653 to 31 ¢Oct. 1654, and we find that our Chamber, on the pet~a return of 800 Marks gold (received by "Prins Willem") are charged with 185 Marks, like §he Chamber Amsterdam; but that the Chamber og the Maaze, on the return of 300 Marks, by the sa id ship "Prins Willem", only for Mk.41:3:13, whereas they must, pro rata, bear Mk.69:6:0, and are there - for charged Mk.28:2:3, too little, of which the half,being Mk.14:1:1t, belongs to Amsterdam & Zeeland each. In the next account of the charges, commencing 1 Nov.1654 to 31 Dec. 1655, Vie find that on a return of Mk .459:3:13~ , we are charged Mk.103:2:2~, and Amst erdam, on a return of MkY±~4~+~i- Mk.1242:2:12, Mk.279:3:5,: and to the charge of the Maaze, on a return of Mk.500, is brought Mk.13:7:5, wher~as they, pro rata of the M&P*9-.QQ Mk.500, r eceived by the "Honichvat " arrived here in June of 1655, should bear Mk.89:7:13i. Deducting the above-mentioned 1k13:7:5, must therefore be made good to the Chambers of Zeeland & Amsterdam, Mk.76:0:8i, of which Mk.20:4:0t, is du~ to Zeeland & Mk.55:4:8~ to Amsterdam: of which we hav~ made a st~ement of account consisting in the accomp- anying p~pers 4not copied1, from whivh Mk.34:5:1! comes to Zeeland, and Mk.69:5:10, to Amsterdam. You will please have this examined , and if found correct, ~ake good our sharei out of th~ effects of the Chamber Maaze at Delft. Remb.ining, YH's good friends, the Deputies of the Chr Ze_land , at the As~embly representing the XIX. (No signatures) Letters from the Gold COb....,t to the XIX, ?fICo NIL. 14. 1656. Resolutions, Director-General & Council, Gold Coast. Extracts from the Dutch Papers in the Kon.lnsV.v~or Taal-Land- & Volken- kunde voor Neq,~rl. Indie.1 No 68. 1'IA.NA1/AL ~ (Copy) "Resolution Book for the Government on behalf of the Chartered West India Company of the United ~etherlands, residing within the limits of the Northern District of Africa in GUINEA, at the Castle St George Del Mina; com- mencing with the Direction of the Director-General Johan Valckenbur~h, on Primo February 1656. (Extending to lOth June 1664.)" (Translated from the Dutch). Register of the Resolutions commencing on Primo February 1656. PillO February 1656, Thursday. -Advice received by the Director-Gene r al from Axem that a ship named "Liefde1! had come to anchor thereabouts, with a Commission from the Chamber Zeeland, to the Bight for slaves. Resolved that the "Prins Willem", lying before Moure, be ordered to hold itself in readiness to pursue the aforesaid ship, if necessary.- ••• (Sgd) Joan Valckenburgh. Heereman Abramsen. Isaac Schudt. Hendrick Cock. B. BoliWensen Ram. Cornelis Pietersen Hoose. Fieter Duynkerck. Tuesday 8th February 1656. -The employment of the yacht "Zeepaert" in trading to Angola.- (sgd by above.) Saturday 26th February 1656. Is represented at the Assembly by the Director-General that as he had received advice that the SWEDES intended to sen j away their ship "Juffr Maria" & the yacht "st Jans- burch" within 14 days, wliether it would not be useful,in- deed highly necessary for the service of the Hon. Company, in order to check most of the aforenamed Swedes, to dis- patch one of the last arrived ships, also, to the Father- land, so that Messrs our Pri,ncipals might be serVed with advice, and the equipping Chamber supported in its credit, as for the SUbsistence of this trade and especially for the dispatCh of a ship, capital had to be f~ provided; although it was indeed to be apprehended that the Chambers to which r eturns would first be made, WSQ±Q-~e~Ra~&-a&~ ee-~±ea&eQ-&e&Q~-~~ in January or July, would perhaps not 1656. 15. be pleased about it, but as they lay together and each received a share, pro rata, in the trade, it would be injurious for both, and now, however, naeertaeless, the la st remaining ship C9uld go off alone a s quickly as, in that case, both at the same time: that therefore, not- withstanding this, such ought to be decided upon, without regard to any feared displeasure, a s each should judge to be best. - Whereupon, it was resolved to make the ship "Grafinne" ready for the voyage, to depart from here about 20th ~rch, with eight hundred Marks gold, and the return cargo of the yacht "Owerkerck ll , ~PEH~3:ee±y for the account and risk of the Chamber Amste r dam.- ••• (sgd by above). Friday 21 March 1656. -On the death of Capt~ & ski pper of the "Prins Willeml!, Cornelis Pietersen Hoose, the chief mate, Albrecht Jans sen Gay, promoted in his place .- (sgd) Valckenburgh.Abramsen. Cocq. Ram. Saturday Pmo April 1656. - As is found bV experience that , through t he strong navig ,.J.tion of mahy foreign nations and other private per- sons of our nation, the tusk trade on the windward coast is entirely spoiled and the same driven up t9 a high price, ••• ••• ••• • •• is therefore fixed :- "Marktbrief for the Company's Factors in tfie Bight,Graini and Ivory Coa3ts , drawn up by the General & Councillors. 1st April 1656, at the Castle Del ina.1! (sgd by the four above-named) Saturday 8 April 1656. -On the dea~p of Factor Jeronimus van Dorpe at CHA.~ , the sub-factor of IGUIRA,nam"d Roeloff Dijck , "as a.b point- ed t o fill the vacancy at f.30 per month. (sgd b the fODD above-nam~d) Wednesday 12 April 1656. -A long minute about t.he arrangements for tbe vOJages of various ships and yachts , along the coast & home ards . ( gd b th~ four abov~-named) ooday 8 ay 1656. -Re 1'rl of yacht "Ow"rkerckl! from bo1a .(sgd by above). 16. 1656. Thursday 8 June 1656. Is read at the As::,embly by the General, a cer~ain lett;er written to him by the Factor Sybert Allemans in Loango, dd 27 March,l9 containing, inter alia, these words:- "The rumour also goes that in Bahia, as in Loanda st "Paula, a fle et is be ing as sembled in order to make an "attempt on the Castle EL MINA, and that Henricq Diaz "(a Colonel who has deserved well among them in Brazil, "although a Black and wit,hout his left hand) will be the "~a& Commander-in-Chief. We will hope that the Almighty "will crush their fri"olous designs and preserve Your Hon- "ours from misfortunt. n Aft er reading the aforesa id, the Director General stat- ed the reasons why he had not been willing earlier to ap- point any meeting about what occurs in the afor enamed let- ter, namely, because it shiefly concerned the place of his own residence, where he has meantime tried to make such good provision in the one thing and the other, as he trust- ed they had been able to perceive; but that on this occas- ion he also woullno longer withhold the intimation of it from the Council but, nevertheless, under express recom- mendation not to divulge the same, as it was only being done in order to deliberate together as to what ought to be eeae recommended and done against the aforesaid design (if it shoUld, contrary to expectation, come to fall upan us); to which end, for the better information upon which to decide in that behalf, he also represented the state of the victuals which were at present within this Fort; ther e being, for 100 men, 20 weeks bread & flour, 16 (~ weeks meat, 16 weeks pork, 20i weeks stockfish, 47 weeks "potspijs", 15~ weeks oil, 5 weeks vinegar; also sufficLmt salt, wood, and water, and medicine to last a considerable time, also munitions of war in a rea son- able manner. He is also having gun-carriage planks sawn at AXEM, in order to repair the gun carriages in time of need, which were expected shortly. He has likewise also had the French Battery,. which had hitherto been unservicable and lain in ruins (~­ ~) put in order and brought to defence. What there was most need of were soldiers , some of whom had served double their time and others, newly arrived, were unfit for servi~e through sickness. Likewise in the matter of victuals and all the rest, i t had to be considered that we could not keep th~ for our own supply but, out of them, had to be provided all the other places which we wish to defend, besides this; the more so as, at present, they would not, t~~ough lack of proper prOVision, be able 1656. 17. to withstand the force of the enemy for one day; and es- pecially that the yachts all ought to be victaalled in August, with which all the aforementioned victuals would be entirely consumed, unless it was desieed to lay up ~f~a~~acb*s and here live from the country, which also might tend to remarkable disservice of the Company. Upon all which, after good reflexion of mat- ters with ripe and serious deliberation of counsel, it was found good, resolved and settled that if visited by the enemy twhich God forbid) one should try to defend, besides this Fort, also the FortsNASBAOW and AXEM, and e~~~ cut off (affsnijden;-ind fortify the same in the b~st way; ihg Lodg es at CHAMA. ADJA and ¢ bQRAA being left occupied only Qz the Faotors and Assistants, and the soldiers employed, in time of need, at the other tr~ee places, where the iactors will at once endeavour to make provisiQn of sla salt, corn and fmrewood, until the time wnan they can be supplied by the first coming ships from the .I."atherland , by which are expected sup- plies of victuals. ThWi .done and resolved 'at the Assembly of the Hon Gen~ral and Councillorsover the North Coa t of Africa at the Castle st Jorge Del Mina in Guinea, ut supra. (sgd) J.Valckenburgh. Heerman Abramsen. Bend Cocq. B.Bouwensen Ram. Henrijk Spmer. Friday 9 June 1656. -After discussion whether to rais..: the price of napten, knives and sheets, as the English were not too well pro- vided with them, it was decieed to continue them at the present price.- ••• (sgd Valck: Abrams' Cocq: Ram .) Saturday 15th July 1656. -As the ship "Bontokoe" frOID the Chamber Amsterd. ... m arrived here yesterday, and was sent here by that Chamber for 300 slaves for Curacao ••• • • • •• • it was decided to send her to Ardra •••••• (further thereon) ...... (sgd. Valck: Abram: Francois Roman. Ram.) 18. 1656. Tuesday 22nd August 1656. As the ±& advices last received ex patria report the coming of some DANISH and COURSE (? Courland?) ships by which, according to what is given in them, a person as Chief-Governor (Opper-Gebieder) is to be expected, who would be of the meaning to settle (~ig'a!!l sf'!! .,aee oeoe ~ on shore on this Coast, for that purpose having his eyes upon the hill CONG, between Moure and CAAP CORZ, as well as at COWaENDO; which two places, although well be- longing t ·o the Hon. Company, we shall not possibl" or very hardly, be able to maintain, through the consuming avarice and vi~lence of the neg¢res. Which being propounded by the General at the Assembly, and opinions being asked what means shall best be devised and resorted to in order pro- perly to forestal ~eeAeMe~~ and to guard against this injurious blow, which will cause our trade to decline more . and more; and, in this connection, it being taken into con- ({ftI.IrtulllMt6j. sideration that these new neighbours with,l."§oQw o8dQ" of the negros, will not be able to be excluded from(~wBe~ ~) the t wo aforesaid places without excessive expenditure, and where they stand to be more injurious to the SWEDES ". .. / than to us if they come and lie ,,(a.eg§IIJR) "elliwen+i SoiiPt ~..,,r. ~el"" -ey CABO CORS, and we, therefore, by incurring the expence over it, would be acting for the good of the afore- said SWEDES a s well a s ourselves, with whom, nevertheless, because of their unlawful usurpation of all places which they are occupyin~ ~e~~~e~), it is not advisable to pre- vent (cpII'8~o8B.f- this work with cOlDDlon expenditure; it is theref~re after ripe and serious deliberation of coun- sel found good and unanimously resolved that resort shall be had ('th!'~'!I .. ~IiMt1'f ~ to the King of SABOU to permit us to occupy ~e~~) the aforenamed hill CONG ourselves; provided that not more than six Bendes gold, at the most, be expended over it; and that if it should come to amonnt to more, then to await the result and see whether it will be possible to prevent the same in &BOther manner~,or whether it will be practicable for the aforesaid ~&ft&s­ DANES to land their goods there in the open sea, and to be able to make use oft the shore ~) without a harbour, which we cannot see about the hill CONG. It being also •. .:,.• . ..: / hereby determined, with regard to COMENDO, i n order to --I~~ ~58~~&~~' our possasston as much as possible, to send thither, in the f ir st place, two small guns, as it would still be fruitless~ to propose and suggest anything else to the negroes,-a s they have l ately dared to demand thirty Bendes for the building of the Lodge there in stone- to produce nothing else but that they seek to coax some- thing more, ~ from us. 1656. 19. represented It is/~p.e~eseEl by the aforenamed General, as he had previously communicated to the "ministers" of the Hon. Company present, about the deputations which had been made to him at various times, both from BOOTROE and TACCORARY, to build a Lodge at those places and regard- ing BOUTROE they had found it "'~· ••I f" advisable to pro- ceed with that matter, the more so as the SWEDE~ also having their eyes already upon it, had sent some people thither to tr..at end; about which he had thought good now at this op~ortunity, further to disclose '-at ••• 48.~ that the SW~DES appeared to have no other intention than gradu- ally to conquer this eoast and toA:i.R¥>iliit;. (8Qne:~) us; ,/".,,')1)1 in which, then, prompt orders also oug ht to be devised as, by the occupation of the aforesaid place, they will in that manner bring into sUbject¢ion the whole District of ANTA, in such a wa-y-t.aat. manner that they will be able to prevent us the way to AXEM at their plea3ure, whereby our inhabitants of DEL MINA who are settled ~.~~.8' there, c..nd the AXEM people who would like to pass, will, by com- pulsion, have to come under their authority (~b:!!~)Lwill become alie~ted from us, and have to honour another ord, as SQd experience is teaching from day to day; and also that they, the SWEDES, by the possessilon (~) of BOUTRIJ, b ~ing the frontier ofAXEM, will, by s~iling up the near-by ~e~uv¥~y'cl the river into ENCASSER, seek to communicate with ADOK, and so cut us off from the trade into the interior behind AXEM, and so, under the pretence of fri~ndship, deprive the Han . Company of the consider- able ~onquests , or at least make them fruitless. Upon all which being ripely deliberated it is therefore, after bood r~flexion, dbcided, found bood and resolved that on our sile it shall be sought, wmthout delay, by the erection of a Lodge for the ~on. ~ompany, to mc..ke the intention of the SYoED.h;S about BOUT ROE fruitless, not only with r.espect ~ to the Company's vassals, for whom such would come i-H- fiM1P" timed (ongele~en~, but also especially .... ith regard to our ovm passage, which might be entirely prevented and cut off u on &ny disturbance arising. ith regard to TACCORARY, it bcino decided that on the S~~ES bein5 ob- lig~d by coercion to saa abandon the place, we will, on the request of the negroes, take possession, without how- ever engaging ourselves in their dispute ~~~t4~}. -As tot he employment of the shi p II Goude Hcng st 1 and cht "Vrede" ,lat ly vome from t e Bight.- ••• Thus done & resolved ••• at the Castle St Jorge Del na n Guinea ut supra. (Sgd) J.Valckenburgh: Heer~man bramsen: Francois Roman: B.Bouwensen Ram : Hk.Sommer. 20. 1656. 25th November 1656. Is propos ed at the Assembly by the Hon. General, as it is not allowed to any of the natives and inhabitants of the States of our Lands, by prohibition of their Ho. Mo., to let themselves be employed in the service of any foreign ~otentates, within the Limits of the Charter,and t he said Placade ~~vides that all such persons, without any further order for it, be taken off out of their ships, and shall be dealt with according to the tenour of the aforesaid Prohibition; so was there, never- thel6l'£~~instructions from our Lords and Masters, very specially ordered, with those sailing on the ship "VliegenQ.e hart".,. tbat about those persons, and expeci- ally e¥8F one jan Hendriks, sailing upon it as commander, to carry into execution, according to the tenour of the Placade. Which Jan Hendriks, in order already to pre- pare the way for such - while in the meantime the ship "Zalomon" was being unloaded and provided with ballast- he had 'had requested, under protest; and besides also that he should leave the roadst ead of CONG; both of which t -hey had expressly refused. About which the Sub- factor with six sailors and their chaloup had been held in arrest at MOURE, in order, by that mild way (soetich- eyt) to ~er.&uade these people to behave reasonably; where- as on the contrary, by some negotiations over the making of a Lodge which they appeared~Q have with ZABOU, they thought to constrain us to suffer them, and to bend us to their will, to the ruin of the Fort Nassouw. And as it was also apparent and .indeed quite certain that the aforesaid ZA,BOESE, if one wished to proceed with the taking off of the cVew, would in all malice set them- selves against us, just as they had once done over the driving away of the Course (Courland~) ship "Walvisch" at the time of t he deceased ftr Ruychaver; against which, if it should come to that, he had now already had the Fort Nasseo sufficiently provided with water and wood; it therefore now stood at this, whether one should al- low the Fort Nassouw and our trade (by the holding back of Messrs our Principals' orders) to fall into aeeay ruin, or rather await the feared ZABOUSES' maliciousness against which, in order to avoid that as far as pos s ible, good orders had been placed. Upon all which then, being seriously r egareed, after ripe deliberation amd good con- sideration of affairs, it was found good and resolved that a s soon as the ship "Za lomon" can be got ready, one shall proceed, without delay, with the taking off of the aforemamed Jan Hendricx, without regard to what the ~ing of ZABOU should wish to do a bout it, for all his powers 1656. 21. do not extend further than to prevent us water, wood, and trade, which also cannot be done without damaging himself, because of the tolls, and therefore he will in- deed abandon such like; consequently it is of more and better consideration to do without (~eaoJ the trade for a month or two, at the longest, than to be continUDhSJy~ deprived of it, as upon the coming of anyone to CONG, no more profits are to be expected from the Fort Nassouw. Thus done & resolved (ut supra). (Sgd) Joan Valck- enburgh. Heerman Abramsen. B.Bouwens Ram. H~nrijk Somer. Cornelis Coenraetsen. Hendrick Cock. Francois Roman. The 2 following resolutions should come before the one above:- aturday 28th October 1656. -As to what was to be done with the confiscated yacht "Camerling" with its cargo of slaves. rtesolved to keep the slaves on the Coast for the ordinary work at the Forts and Lodges. • •• (Signded by Valck: Abramsen: Cocq: Roman: Ram; Sommer. Tuesday 7th November 1656. -As to despatch home of "Coninck Salomon" on 1st July.- -Commission for Valckenburgh as Director General, from States General dd 9th August, and from the Company, was re- ct:lived here on 1st instant per "Coninck Salomon", and l.a.w. Resolution of St. Gen. of 9th August, the Oath of Allegi- ance was administered to Valckenburgh by the Council, in the form following:- (nere follows copy of the oath, signed by Valckenburgh). -Also exhibited the Commis .. ion of the XIX fo r the ap- pointment of Eduardt Man as Fiscal, who had long acted in that capacity, who als o took the oath of office. ( igned by Va lckenburgh. Abramsen. Ram. Somer . Coen- raetsen. Cocq. Roman. 22. 1656. Louys Darnmaert' s Journal 1656. (concluded). In the Castle St George d'EL MINA. January. 19. A sail passes, see from the flag it is an English- man. 26. At midday o() r ship ~ nGraaf EnnoH anchors here in the roads, coming ex patria on account of the Chamber Amsterdam, skipper Pieter Dunckercker, Upper-Factor Heere- man Abramsen Watertraan, Su§-factor Anthony van Harden- bergh & Assistant N. Lichardt; bringing us a good Coast cargo. 27. Aft er the closing of the gate, see an Englishman passes at night. 28. The General, the Hon Mr Jacob Rlbichaver, slept in the Lord in the morning at 7.30. God be gracious to his soul and to ours when we follow. He was buried on the 30th. Three musket charges were fired by the garrison, and all the cannon round the 4,!astle fired, to which "Graaf Enno" replied. 30. In afternoon arrives here ex patria the ship "Prins Willem" with its yacht "Zeepaert", belonging to the Chamber Zeeland, with a good Coast cargo, and a Preacher named Martinus Westerwijck, 2 Assistants, and a party of soldiers for the country. Skipper Corn: Pietersen Hose. February. 1. In the morning the Chief Factor Johan Valckenburgh, took provisional possession in the late General Ruichaver's place, as being elected thereto by the Council; an~ the Upper-Factor Heereman Abramsen Watertraan placed at del Mina,aaaa and a lso take eaEge~- charge of the Upper Bookkeeper's place with it. 2. Mr Johan Valckenburgh presented to the Garrison. 3. In the evening the ship "Prins Willem" and the yacht "Zeepaert" drop down to Moure and Adja in order to supply t he facormes with merchandise; also the said yacht will bring merchandise to ACRA. 4. The yacht "Ouwerlllerck" comes into the roads from its Bight voyage, having bartered 17,000 lb. elephants I tusks and 42,000 Ib grain. 1656. 23. February. 13. A large English ship passes here. 18. In elDening tbe yacht nOuwerke r cktl is dispatched to our factory Loango in Angola. 24. The SWEDISH yacht liSt Jansb: n passes to CABO CORS, coming from Arda. March. 3.A small ~glish ship, named tlRapihanack", on wMch the skivper is Thomas Clarcq, anchors here. 4. 1'he yacht "Zeepaert ", coming f rom ACRAA , anchors here. 5. The ship "Prins Willem", having provided the leeward factories with merc handise, anchors. The Magaz ijnen wer e a llowed me Bij my Factor's place. 10. An English ship passe s here, daarachter stont the "Swarten Arent". 16. The ship IIGraaf Nmo" departed home, the return cargo consisting in Mk.800 gold , 17,000 lb. eleph- antsf tusks, and a parcdl of grain , belongin~ to the Cham- ber Amst erdam . 'l'he s hip tlPrins Willem" to 1A.QlY, to see whether any trade could be met with, to which end the Factor Francois Roman oes with it. The yacht nZee paert n also dispatched to the Bight. I am now booked as Factor eF ~ae (Comys) of the garrisons, and provision master at ~~f f.48 per month. 20. !HiS brought here, by canoe , from LADJU, the dead body of Corne l is Pietersen Hose , late captain on the ship " Prins vlillemll. After he had lain sick on board for 7 days, he slept in the Lord on 18th at 9 0 'clock in the ev ning, and was bur ied here in the Castle on 21st . 22 . In morning the Eqtippage Master Bouwen Ram ~ Skipper Pieter Verbeeck put to sea by large boat and canoe, h ving on them 2 small guns and 12 soldiers and sailors, as we had sighted a galjoot ~hich had lain at anchor before COMJ Y, bJing an interlooper , ~ailed out of Zierckzee in Z.e~lanJ, but all iiunckendammers. They caille back in the fternoon lith nothing done, as they could not reach that galjoot . 24. 1656. ++ 26. In afternoon anchors the Swedish yacht "Vrede" in the roads here, coming from the Benyo, and had fur- ther traded the Bight and there obtained 9,000 Ib tusks. Aj!pH. evening ++ 23. Last/B~gBt at the closing of the gate the boat and canoe sailed out again to COMANY, together with some canoes with free Blacks, in order to see whether they could reach the said galjoot by sailing, in the night, and overmaster it; with which they come into the roads here in the evening at 5 o'clock. They had overmastered it at COMANY; out of which has come 40 p.zaay, 369 p. eleph- ants tusks, which could average (door den anderen halen) 36 Ibs, a parcel of copper staves, 2 p. lakemen, and f.l,351:13 stvs in gold. April. 1. The galjoot "Roode Postpaert" besides the merchandise, was confiscates by the Council. 4. The Factor Jeronimus van der Durpe at CHAMA slept in the Lord, and was buried here in the Castle on the 6th. 8. In evening departs the yacht "Vrede" Bightwards, hav- ing on it 15 men, and victualled for 6 months. 10. Arrives here in the roads the ya'cht "Swarten Arent", for the Chamber Amsterdam, having on it 12 guns, and 37 eaters, bringing a Coast,~~ Benyn and Angola cargo of F.26,751:7 stvs; bringing for the country 8 soldiers; Skipper named Frans Franssen; had run out of ~ae Texel the 11th December 1655, having traded the windward coast, both Grain and Tusk. 11. The galjoot "Roode Postpaert" was dispatched to dl1'411./.. LADJU, in order to tak~the merchandise out of the ship "Prins Willem", and to remain trading there. 12. A small English ship named "David", skipper Thomas Geets, comes into the roads here. 13. The ship "Prins Willem" comes from LADJU into the roads here, having, since it has lain there, received not more than Mk.4 gold. 15. Arrives here in the roads the yacht "Amsterveen" ,comf. ing fDom the Bight & windward eaast,having bartered 90~60 lb. tusks,& 28,729 Ib or over 7 ~ grain. 1656. 25. w.u. 22. Anchors before CABO CORS a small ~nglish ship, which "Prins Willem" had pursued, thinking it was an Interlooper. 27. The yacht "Swarten Arent" proceeded on its voyage to Cape Lopes Gon9alvos with the view to careen ("_SA""_Al~ there, and then further after having delivered over its merchandise to the Factory Loango, to drop down to Loando st Paule, and ~here to cruise about for a good prize, having for that purpose taken with it 8 soldiers; mounted with 18 guns & 40 eaters. not ~~~ by_a~hJng _~here, it will sail back to our facto y oHi~,"-~ffi the return cargo the ."e, and arr~~.to pe on the Grain Coast on 1st November, in ordero"~rter the new grain; to v/hich end the sub-factor Pieter Gerritsen goes with it as factor. 28. The "Roode Postpaert" anchors coming ~nr LMJJU, where it had lain trading, but received not more than over Mk.l gold. ~. 5. The yacht 1I0uwerkercken" comes into the roads here from our Factory Loango, bringing as return cargo, 15,920 Ib tusks,& 12 , 276 Ib red co¢per having besides bartered 3,760 Ib t,usks on the windward coast. 6. Galjoot "Rood Postpaert" left to factory Rio Benyn 10. Yacht "Ouwerk8rck~B left to the BightJ. 17. English yacht "Concourtllpasses here to CORMANTYN. 19. Passes l1bl'e a :Swedish "orenbaer" anchoring belore CABO CORS, aa named "st ockholm Slodt". June. 6. In evening pass_s by ~l ina an ~lish ship,Nhich fires 2 cannon shot , to which was r eplied with one. From the 6th to :46th ditto nothing particular happened, but then I departed from dlel Mina to ACRAA in order to preside at that place as Chief (.,~!~1 . (End of Dammaert I s Journal) ================ 26. 1656. Attestations, Treaty, Protests & Declarations. "Attestation of the abusive words used by Mr Nieman,Commissaris of the S.A.C." (Versp.WI.stukken,1162, pp.409/10. This paper is not dated, but as it forms App. l.to DG.Va+ckenburghfs Deduction to the XIX,WIC.dd.l Jan.l§...!;)7.~.it .~ust have been made im 1656, or earller:) We, the undersigned Upper Factor at Fort Nassouw and Eduard Man, Fiscal over the N. District of Africa, declare that it truly happened that on the 20th February, desiring to go to Moure, we put in at CABO CORS to refresh ourselves, the Crown Commissaris, Nieman, .te«'qj ~~~.lIRt!:, blabbed out, inter alia, the following Propoesten, "How is it that you, wlilth the others, made such a ~","",,"''''' as a General", very wickedly repeating the same several times. Whereupon, at last, Hendrick Cock replied to him that if that ~Ry"'''' once came up against him (te keer gaan) that he would then indeed talk otherwise. ~ieh, if need be, we offer to confirm by oath. (sgd) Hendrick Cock. / Eduard Man./ Fiscal. "Information t,aken in the presence of the here- after-named. Ady 17th.ooay 1656." (Versp.WI.stukken, 1162,pp.410/4ll. Being App.Q.l.to above Deduction.) JANSOO, MATTON, .and BESSANG, born and still residing at AXEM, declare how that they, a considerable time ago, to- gether with some of their comrades, went to ASSINE in two canoes, in orde r to buy redwood there. That night they ~.~ ~~ got a tornado)!!', therefore, fearing to/..Mi",~Q9{~ from their companions, they lay-to until the morning, when they got sight of them a little further out to sea than thay, and proceeded on their voyage together. Coming about Cape A~OLONIA, a sloop of the Swedes lay there. A large canoe with 12 paddlers and a whiteman came off from the shore, paddling directly to them; from which they suspected that t hey had something in mind against them, so they resolved to help each other. The obher, appr~ching them and coming alongside them,. c.a.lled o.ut, "You are now prisoners and will come on shore with us", to which they replied, "not yet", beginning to throw stones and pieces of wood which (.m~S~lay in the/..f-~'PQ (vie~. Menatime one of the 5wedes drew a sword; whereupon they, rushed upon him and wre sted 1656. 27. /. it from him; when they saw two other, large canoes coming / in ord~r to escape which they sav~d ~hemselves and went on, being still pursued for a good distance by ~ll three: Thus done and passed in the presence of us tne undersrgae signed this 17th may 1656, at the Fort st Anthony at AXEM. In my presence. (sgd) Adriaen Hohenhouck. (sgd) Bduard Man. (" ) Adriaen van Steenlant. ... • .k "Declaration of the statements (.pede!'l'Ien' -a~eli by the SWEDISH Commandant CRUl SEN STERN , and hlS Fiscal Sigmund Jenisch." (Versp.WI.Stukken,1162,Pp.412/4l3. Bemng All-p. G.g. to DG Valckenburgh!s Deduction to the xIx. WIC. dd. 1 Jan. 1657.) I the undersigned, declare that on the 3rd June 1656, being at CABO CaRS iu passing, in order, by order of the General to proceed to D'EI Mina, I there understood from the SWEDISH Fiscal, Sigismund Jenisch, inter alia, that some days ago, coming '.e~-~ to AXEM, he had been dri- ven away from there, not as a man but like a beast, by the Factor; that he thought it was very strange and unreason- able that our General had given such an order to treat (~~e&~) him so as he had sim~ly come on shore there to refnesh bimself somewhat. Indeed be did not know what to thimk, as the aforesaid gentleman had always~eated him so well ond courteously, what the cause of such strang e action now was. As soon as their galioot returned from the Bight he must go to AXEM again, and would then see if one would treat bim so again; for if be desired r evenge for it, it was completely in his power, for the Chief (OV~righeid) of that country, wbose boy, b~in6 his ovm son, he bas in his hands, had offered him that if he desired the heads of the two Netherlands Factors, Hogenhouck and Tietboel, be would deliver them to him, which he, as he held us to be his good friends, had entirely refused, and also would never accept; but that we were doing v~ry §adly to prevent him the passage into a country which he himself had bought; anJ if we continued in such unreasonableness he would be obliged to seek revenge for it. ' fhe General, van Cruisenstern, had also said that if we wished to ge take that line ~ ~ he had as mucn courage as ~ Valckenburgh and ould also indeed 28. 1656. prevent us from speaking with any of his Traders (Factors? -Kooplieden) as h~ was confident that Mr Cock was now doing; but that he would rather live with us in all friendship, as formerly. Actum this 8th June 1656. (sgd) Francois Roman. "Declaration of Francois Roman of the express- ions (redenen) used at Annamaboe by the Swedish Commandant Johan Philip CRUISENSTERN." (Versp.WI.Stukken,1162,pp.414. Being App. Q.Q. ~ _ - to DG. • Valckenburgh's Deduction to the XIX. WIC. dd. 1 Jan. 1657. In that copy, however the date is 28th June, but as the two copies in SG.Loket Kas, Zweden, 36, and 38, are both dated 8th June, that date has been adopted as probably correct.) I, the undersigned, declare that on the 17th February 1656, being with the SWEDISH Director tAr Johan Philip van CRUISENSTERN, at ANNEMABO, he said to me, among other dis- courses, that we had indeed been foolish that we had let the SWEDE so take root at CABO CaRS, as one at present found. If he had been Director of our Company, he would indeed have pre~ented it by burning down their thatched house every time, and so have seen who would first have be- come tired of it, they with building or he with burning; for which no power had been lacking us; and it was there- fore ridiculous that we had neglected our advantages ("~~~eR) so badly. Actum this 8th June 1656. (sgd) Francois Roman. "Attestation of the converstaion & abusive words used by the S.A.C. Fiscal, Sigmondt Jenisch." (Versp.WI.Stukken,1162,pp.4l4/4l6. Being App. Q • .1.to DG. Valckenbur~h's Deduction, to the XIX. WIC. dd. 1 Jan. 1657.) I, the undersigned, declare how that on the 18th May the ship "Stockholm Slot" ~assing here, we proceeded on board for information, where we found the Swedish Fiscal, Jenisch, about the evening, J. et, .bu whom on coming on board I was immediately conducted into the cabin, where he discoursed 1656. 29. very excitedly, quarrelsomely and insultingly to me how he had been treated at AXEM b~~_b~ ~~_~enhouck, saying, however, that he had nevertheless proceeded on his voyage to JUMORE, and had there purchased the whole country of BONGERE and further the places ATTEBO and ABINIE, etc, at a high value for their State, and brought it to his purpose (wille), directing the same that such must necessarily tend to the ruin of the W.I.C. and that he, Sigmt, would yet "bodt opwackeren" ("beter wakkeren" in WIC.oc.131~!~ satisfaction was done him by a certain Black at AXEM, about a slave woman; Carrying for that pur- pose, with him hostages from ENCASSER, with whom he would force (dwingen) the AXEMS and make war on their country,. To which I excused myself with a few words tr.l8.t it v.as not for me to dispute such matters with him; but he again burst out against me ~ith much abuse and derision to the injury of the 're.' s servants. Durl~ t . ~ fulmination of the Fiscal I wished' several times ta epart, but this was refused me. Giv~ reasons for knowledge, an if need b", prolois" to confirm the same by oath. Done at CHAMA, Ady 18th September 1656 . (sgd) R.(Roelof) Dyck. "Attest ation of the aiscourses 6e abusive words used by the Fiscal of th8 Swedish Company ,Janisch" . (n. d. ) (Versp.~I.±±eg stukken,1162,pp.414/416. Being App. Q.Q. to DG.Valckenburgh's Deduction to the XIX . tIC . dd. 1 Jan.lS57., I, th8 undersigned duar1 ~n Fiscal on behalf of the IC. over the N. Distric of ~frica, declare tp~t I, being at AX&'t on the 15th May , seeing a sail, sailed tMther, coming 9ft-&e&P& at dark on board the S eJish yacht "Stockholm Slot" , where I fotmd Sigismund Jelllisch who, aftt:lr he had '" elcomed me colly, requested me to co.ue into the cabin; but wishing to give some orders to the canoe- men 1 ord8red one of them to come on board . He made excuse, saying he as afraid of Jenisgh and reillained seated. Ee, observing this , said ,"let us go in for I am inclined to anchor here" and therefore asked 'here the c noe miGht be which he had bOU6ht fro m the mUlatto nuel when he v.as last at AXEM; .hereu on I at once Tote to t'actor Ho enhouck about it, remaining on board 30. 1656. myself, getting into conversation with him about his stay at JlfMO and the state of their Lodge there. Whereupon he replied ("~~v.Q4'Eteo? to me that notwithstanding the AXEMS had treated him badly, he had nevertheless landed at that place and had been received with more honour and respect, so that in the time of four weeks that he had spent there, wbich had been short for him, he had had good receipts and already had Mk.1B in the eBe8~ chest, and we could be well assured that ~ the hindrances he had twice met with b~ order of Mr Valckenburgh were not strong enough to cool his ardour (88me~~, nor to effect that he did not go thither as he pleased; to which he had already opened a path through ADOM and IGUIRA; to which end he would have a stone house built, guns placed upon it, and make a free entry to the country, ~nd had obtained hostages upon it from MENA the Braffo and two a~Bep other principal Caboceros; and further that he would not let it stop {8t8i~{err1 at that but ,J,"l'l:8!H' esA. ";i.~ ~R6en GeB8P' ) 1 bad n ' P8~!"elr@Bt", seek his revenge upon those of AXE1v1 who had driven him away from the country like a dog and would not suffer him to refresh himself nor allow him time to complete SOille business which was still outstandling from __t he former voyage; also there was a slave woman of rris in the hands of a certain AGOlWl, whom he desired back, or he would order the ANTESE to lay hold of the AXEM in- habitants, to which he was the more animated because they had hostilely treated the ~~ JUMORE, who came only to en- quire after him, and deprived them of their arms, namely the swords (~). -All which will confirm by oath. (sgd) Eduard Man. 1656. 31. "Letter from the SWEDISH Factor David Hoopff to the Fiscal, Eduard Man." (WIC.oc.15. Versp.WIC.Stukken,1162,pp393/394. Being App. ~. to DG. Valckenburgh's Dedmction to the XIX. WIC. dd. 1 Jan. L657.) I!Translated from the High GermanI!. Sir, Greeting, Your acceptable letter of to-day, I have just received, from which I see that you desire to have me away from here (i.e. Boutry). I had already long ago departed, but the Blacks hav ~ not been willing to let m~ depart, but "perforce" desire that w~ also remain here, as I have re- solved to send my goods to TACCORARY immediately, and I also then depart from here. Yesterday evening ~ sent an express canoe to TACCORARY to fetch my large canoe here. This morning early also come the ENCASSERS and desire me to remain here longer, but I have told them we will not remain here any more, for this time (voor dese mael meer niet). YH heartily saluted and commended to God, Sir, YH's servant, (sgd) Davidt Hoopff. Ao. 1656 the 27th August, New' Style. 32. 1656. "Cession (Opdragt) of HIGH ANTA and BOUTRY ( and SAKKONDEE). We, CUBIESSANG, ALOINY, LADIOn, AllPATEE and MA.l1"IBOY, Headchiefs (Opperhoofden) of the ANTA District, hereby make known to all and everyone how that we, through the good treatment fccmerly received under the dominion (ge- biedt) of the Netherlands West India Company at AXEM, having been moved, through the adversities encountered from the war with the people of ENCASSER, again to betake ourselves under the old vassalage of the aforenamed Com- pany, to which we having had the Director General of the same at the Castle St George Del Mina requested, and he, upon the entreaty made about it, having come to this place of BOUTRY in order to enter into possession of that which was offered to hi~; SO is it that we have ceded (opgedragen) and placed in his hands the aforesaid place', upon the condition that he has to fortify and make the same capable in such a manner as shall be sufficient to free us, as vassals of their High Mightinesses the States General of the United ~etherlands and the said Honourable Company, (to whose dominion (gebiedt) we absolutely submit ourselves from this day heneeforth), from all dangers of the war, and to keep us in good protection; WE pledging our persons and goods, as also all that is dependent on or upon us, if we shall ever be found t o have done or attempt- ed anything which might be contrary to the duty of good and faithful vassals. ALL which we, and together with us, BARMEN of SACONDE and MENEME and ROCHIA, Captain of BOUTRY, having ratified with our oath, and also have signed with our hands in witness thereof. ThlJS DONE at BOUBRY, the 27th August 1656. Beneath are the hand-marks of:- Cubiessangh. Rochia, Captain of Boutry. Aloiny. Menemee. Ladiou. Harman of Sacohdee. Ampatee. Tano. Maniboy. Azizou. Guazy. Acha. We, the undersigned, declare this to be instituted as a circumstantial latter of cession and vassalage only (niet dan) upon the express request of the inhabitants of the Upper Quarter of ANTA; such being interpreted to the 1656. 33. Head-Chiefs thereof, they declared, in our presence, that it agreed with their intentions; likewise they, in witness thereof, have signed the same; which we testifying, under offer of oath, that all this was done in compliance therewith, also herewith sign wit h our hands, this ~ Aug ust 1656, at BOTJrRY. In m~ presence. (sgd) Eduard Man (Fiscal). (sgd) J.Valkenb~gh. (~DPY in, (sgd) Adriaen Hoogenhouck(Factor). Guinea 222.) (Translated from the Dutch copies in:- WIC.oc.12. SG.Loket Kas,Zweden,38.(where dd.26 Aug~) De Jonge, App.VII,p.49. Guinea 222. ~at.Hol1.2776. (J de Wiit's copy) ) 34. 1656. "Copy letter addressed by the Hon. Mx Johan Philip van Kruisenstern of the commend- able privileged SW~DISH AFRICAN Company on the GOLD COAST of GUINEA, to the Chartered Netherlands West India Company's Director General, Johan Valckenburgh,residing at the Castle St George d'el Mina, in Guinea. (Versp.WI.Stukken, 1162,pp.232/234.) "Translation from the High German." Hon.Valiant,& very much honoured Sir,& very dear Friend, I have to inform my very honoured friend herewith how it is reported to me from our Under Factor at BOUTRY, that the Factor ofAXEM has landed at BOUTRY with 60me canoes,persisting (met a.~~Q~Qea1 that he would himself build a Lodge there, and as it 1s sufficiently well known to my much honoured Sir that we had already occu- pied that place many years ago and, now that that place has once more been inhabited again by the Blacks, we also have taken our old posse ssion a few weeks ago, and have again established ourselves there; so that you, Sir, cannot legally (1 eehtewegea) arrogate such place to your- self, much less force us out of our possession. Still' if,contrary to hope, anything should be attempted on your part whereby our commendable Company were caused any damage, you, Sir, can easily judge that our Direct- ors will consider ways and means by which they may re- cov er their damage again. Meanwhile, I hope that you, Sir, will with your ripe intelligence think better of the matter, and will not break that long Hei~fte8~ebip enjoyed between the two Companies here on the Coast, which I, Sir, will leave to your friendly information, with confident commendation of God's protection; and with hearty greetings remaining, My much honoured Sir,and very dear friend , Your obliged froend, (sgd) J.P. van Kruisenstern. (N.D. In WIC.oc.? the copy is dated at t he end:- "Cabo Cors, 25/15 August." Superscription: "Monsieur Mons Le Directeur General, Joan de Valckenburgh, Mon tres Honor. Amy, st George d'el Mina." 1656. 35. "Reply given and adnressed to the foregoing letter, by the Upper Factor and Bookkeeper- General, the Hon. Heereman Abramsen, residing at the Castle del ~ina, in the absence of the Netherlands Director General, to the Swedish African Company's Commandant the Hon. Mr Johan Philip van Kruisenstern,residing at CABO CORS." (Versp.WI.Stukken,1162,pp.235/236.) Hon.Valiant,Honoured Sir, & very good Friend, By the bearer of this was handed to me a certain letter which YH has been pleased to address to General Valcken- burgh. But as that gentleman ix not at present here,You canaot now obtain a reply from him, which, if we meantime receive, we will cause to be delivered to you. Meanwhile, you may be well assured t.fia.t. about BOUTRY that that place (besides others) was already ceded (opgedragen) long years ago to the Holland Nation, before any Swedish Company was thought of, by whom, also, we have not expected to be divert ed from the same, as VIe have in various cases per- ceived with re~ret; about which you can¢ be informed fur- gher by the General aforanamed. ~antime I shall comend YH's person to God, and remain with a hearty greeting. (N.D. No signature) "Narrative of what passed verbally and in writing between the ~e~~aB Swedish African Company's appointed Fiscal in GUINEA, Mr Sig- ismund Jenische, and the Hon. Chartered lest India Company of the United ~etherland's Dir- ector General over the orthern District of Africa, on the beach of BOU~RY,the 28th August 1656." (Versp.WI.Stukken,1162,pp. 236/243 .) Fiscal Jensich, having appeared to us on the beach of BOUTRY, has, in the presence of an Under .tt'actor and an Assistant brought with him, after due greetings , beg1.trl to ad res us in this manner and to say, in the name of the Swedish Cocmandant, Johan Philip van Kruisenstern, that he w s c~rged to eRresent to us that BOUTRY bad alreadY\~~~~IQ for some years belon ed to them by right of purchase, the possession of which they have had to forego (~seft) for a considerabll time through the a.R\ia'ol ~~]'hi~e) VIars ~t"f th L,nabitants; and now that, through the 36. 1656. intervening peace, t hey had again taken possession, they beheld with surprise that we sought to dispute it with them, with pure violence; since, being landed with a force, we were making the inhabitants uneasy, and were wit h energy compelling them to drnve them out from there, giving out that we shall also attack them at other places as well; which, or such like proceedings had never been undertaken against them by Mr Ruyghaver, as they also could not believe that such orders had been bequeathed to us by the said Mr Ruyghaver. Therefore they verbally and in writing protest against the damage and expense whimh could, at present or in the future, arise therefrom; adding that it would not stay at that; at the same time delivering to us the written ~rotest - from the High German to the Low German- as follows:- "Johan Philip van ~Kruisenstern, Commandant on behalf of the Royal ~jest~'s privileged SWEDISH African Company on the Coast of GUINEA, and in the name and by command of the said Commandant, I, Sigismundt Jenisch of the Company appointed Fiscal in those Quarters, contra The Hon. Hond. Valiant & Wise Mr Johan Valck- enburgh, General Director of the West India Company. As many years ago the Swedish African Company has, for the introduction of its trade, at the request of the inhab- itants, built a todge with goods at BOUTRY, and through war all the houses of the inhabitants were burnt down by the INCASSARIS, as is well known ~), and afterwards, through mediation, it came to that, that the possessors and lawful owners ~~~$~~~) inhabiting their place again, we , through the manifold soliciting and praying of the inhabitants, wished to possess aga in the Company's purchased right and dwelling~ and have a lso sent its workmen and trade servants thither, in order to build a Fort; and meanwhile Mr Valckenburgh, without having any right or title in that behalf, presumes, contrary to all justice, by constraint of the inhabitant s, to erect his Lodge at that place~ and also has in mind to bring that about against the Swedish Company, and desires to drive ~~~( us away from our pUrchased and longia8~lared (b~i~et~8€) place. Therefore I, Sigismund Janisch, Fiscal, in the name of my PrinCipals, the SWedish Company, and also by express charge from the Hon. ~ Johan Philip van Kruisenstern 1656. 37. Commandant, hereby v~rbally,asa in writing, and openly protest against all violence damage and e xpence which could, both at the present time and in the future, arise thereout, in whatever manner it might be, "in 6ptmma Forma" we protest; protesting also against the W.I.Cls Director General, Mr Valckenburgh, and his subordinate servnats and officers over the coercion and violence committed. Given at BOlJrRY the t8/2~ August of the year 1656. sgd Sigimund Jenisch, Fiscal. In witness of the truth of this Protest being delivered. __ ~. (sgd) David ~. Ho.f.'.t: Under Fac'tor. That this Protest as abovenamed was ~nded over I testify. (sgd) Coenraet Meijer. Assistant. Whereupon was replied verbally to Mr Fiscal Jenisch that the written Protest is accept~d in order so to reply to it in due course as should be proper for th~ service of the Hon. Company, I indeed considering myself for- tunate to have the opportunit~ to reveal and expose the injury and contumely done to us for a considerable time; but that, so far as concerned their posses s ion at BODTRY, we could indeed reckon curs to be tr£ older than they could claim theirs; yes, before the establishment of the Swedish Company was thoutht of. For the people of the Upper ~uarters of ANTA had always been (our) vassals (as possessors ofAXEM) to which they had again newly bound themselves, as we had lately ~& ... , taken them into proteation in the war of ENCASSER, against the vio- lenc e of Lhe same, and they had had us requested and prayed, through various embassies, to take their country into possession, Q.li1:ie wij fUl'6 btacs gef'leegsaali", for 1M 8Ral e\lt 11£ '5 ''''0 I'petelat {8~IJl.tiQtAi;ri = it belongs to no on", but us'} to place a Captain there (of)the ~SE inhabitants, who compose ~ ~ half of the people. Ther~fore, h ving now come, We have lecrnt I.ith sur- prise t at the Swedish African Company had arrogated the riGht over our va ... sals; but we did not think this to be 01 so much importance to make a fuss about (om ve I spels daaromme te maken), much less to break the peace. Therefore he, the Fiscal , had to ask the Natives if they would allow us to depart, which ~e would gladly o if they a reed to the same, for -e had neither the min nor order to commit any violence against ~heir ~tion 38. 1656. expressly denying that such had indeed been committed by us; with the request that he would have pointed out t to us where it had been done, and meantime assuring(them) that they had not to expect that they would lose a hair of their head on our account, as we should well prevent the same. Wherefore we were also confident that they will not prevent us from dealing with our vassals in such a way as was proper for the interest & honour of our State & Company. That what was a lleged concerning WIT Ruyghaver, we found ourselves very much wronged thereby, & chiefly indeed that he would not have taken such proceedings in hand, which we nevertheless held to be very necessary forithe service of ~ Pr1n~is; sti l l less that we were under any obligation to follow Mr Ruyghaver's way of acting,or his orders, which it did not behove him to bequeath to us, as, he being carried off by death, we were now ~irector General of the Hon. Company with the same aut hority, and had to receive orders from no one, nor to account to anyone, but only to the aforenamed Company, whose interests we should look after without respect to anyone, in such a way as unbia ssed persons would judge to be only just. Consequently, iy was not proper that he should hope that I, as he gave out about Mr Ruyghaver, would foregdthe int erests of our ~ompany in order to please them; ~t notwithstanding this, it would not prevent, still less would the ability or or inclinat ion (~B~) be lacking, to receive them with all friendship, politely as a friend and neighbour, and to treat them courteously, yes, perhaps better than they had ever been treated by Mr Ruyghaver. What fur- ther conc drned the attacks which we would also wish to threaten them 'With;{:..we) knww well that they were utter- ances(C&4'\;~~~ of the Natives, or their own figments, which if they wished to believe them, they woul d be very grieved over what we would be able further to point out about it, and -we therefore held them to be unworthy of answer, as trivialities. Where upon, the said Fiscal Jenisch replied to us that he would leave everything to be dealt with by Mr Kruiaen- stern, a s he had carried out his orders, and also that he would depart and evacuate the place, for which he had summoned the sloop flrom TACCORARY, in order to take off the goods and people of their Company; with which he took hi s leave. (sgd) J. Valckenburgh. 1656. 39. "Johan Valckenburgh, Director General over the Northern Districy of Africa, on behalf of their High JIIlightinesses the Lords &tates General of the United detherlands,together with the Han. Chartered West India Company, against The Han. Hand, Valiant and highly respected Mr Johan Philip van Cruysenstern, Commandant of the Royal ~jesty's Privileged Swedish African Com~pny on the Coast of Guinea. (Versp.WI.stukken,1162,pp.243/261.) Honorable Sir, Replying to YH's written and verba l representation, we indeed expressly deny and say it is untrue that it should be we ll known that the place BOUTRY belongs to the Swedish Company by rmght of purchase, as YH is pleased to a l lege; but, on the contrary, we know well that the UpDer Quiarter of ANTA, under whi«h BOUTRY also belongs, has been an appendage (goe.op,.~de"iflQ) of the conquest ofAXEM from time immemorial, and thus owes vassa lage to our State and Com- pany. But it is however true, and we may not nor ~ill d8ny what YH alleges, that some servants of your Company have previously kept a house there among the inhabit ants, but that is not the way to claim possession, for we have never seen at that place the noyal Swedish Standard,its artillery nor arms, whereby possession is shown; and what authority you have exercised there, we recall your own words that they have had to abandon the place .fithout hav- ing been able to protect the inhabitants who, besides all those of the Upper Quarter of ANTA, have had to betake themselves, as was proper, under the protection of our State, where they, within the territory at AXEM, were not only protected, but were also restored again to their country by our arms; as for two consecutive years, in two sev~r'l battles, the ENCARSEN were subdued by a large force paid for out of the Company's own purse, and had been made to sue for peace from us; the tokens of which are to be seen within our jurisdiction, and the hostages, which the same ENCARSSASES have in their hands from our our honourable Company for their assurance, are still to be found there; as also the letters of vas salage , whareby it is not a llowed to th~ people of ANTA to permit anyone to stay in their country to our prejudice, as we shall at all times be able ta duly to show: YH's posse~~ion, notwithstanding this, however, having above a ll no place about the market town~ (¥~~tikafi) of BODTROU, most of the 40. 1656. inhabitants of which are subjects of this state, being natives of D'Elmina, a place, like that ofAXEM, with the jurisdiction thereto belonging, which we have ob- tained and possess, not by right of purchase but by the glorious arms of our State and Honourable Company, so that it is permitted to no one, but to us by the authority of our office, to place a Captain there at BOUTROU. From which, then, abundantly appears not only the right and title which we, on our side, have to that place, but also YH's unfriendly and unneigh- bourly act that you seek to corrupv the vassals of our State, with gifts and presents, from the oath and fi- delity by which they are solemnly bound to our Sover- eigns; so that we had, justly and with right, good and better reasons highly to resent YH's unheard of proceed~age ings, than YH has ground to treat us with a Protest, full of threats, with verbal additions that it would not remain at that; the results of which .ve have to await. Meaawhile we absolutely deny the violence committed, which YH is fictitiously thrusting forward, for on landing at BOUTRY, we have neither heard of nor seen anyone of your servants, much less the Standard of Sweden, nor its arms; but only, on our question whe- ther any Whites were staying there, we were answered that there were two who were lodging with an inhabitant ef-~yaat named HARMAN of (van) SACCOBDE. See there the term (tijd) of YH's possession, and what violence we should have had to employ against two men, who, how- ever have given good cause for disturbance through their bravado and abuse, which otherwise we had not wished to enlarge upon (uitleggen). That YH says also that we have driven you away from the aforenamed place by coer- cing the inhabitants; thereby was our good right not otherwise than established, which we have over ~lllit country and people, as is heretofore pointed out; this appearing as if YH desired to forbid us to punish our vassals as they deserve; about which we pray YH not to interfere further in our affairs, 1la.J:8 w~ waglHolR ,~pw:lefl i .. b .. t .,j"j88 t 9 iieenll. Likewise a~so, we did not come to BOUTRY with any force, but with such guard as becomes our position; having been requested, prayed, and indeed expressly warned to do so, some months ago, by our vassals the Chiefs (Opperhoofden) of ANTA, that t here was an attempt from your side to divert the inhabitants of BOU~RY, their subjects, from their duty, and they requested and very much desired us to come there in order to punish them, or, by reason, to make them remain by thair bounden obedience. But we, having such great confidence in 1656. 41. YH 1 s neighbourly friendship, could not suspect such usurpation of jurisdiction from you, and therefore, casting that warning to the winds as untrue, it quite unexpectedly appeared to us that YH, following the ex- ample of your predecessors, under pretence of peace, desired to deprive us of that place, in order, accord- ing to the threats of the Fiscal, Jeniscl)., to stop the way to AXEM, and to separate our conquests; which we, for the service of ~Bs-G&m~aay our lion. Company, for those reasons desired carefully to prevent, like as the same was, fortunately, effected without violence or injury to YH 1 s servants or anyone. We shall hope to be able to answer for this before all unbiassed persons, which Wo:;; gladly offe r to do; it therefore appears strange to us ~B&~ and indeed preposterous, that we should thereby have given c~e for the rupture of the friendship so long maintained between the respective Companies on this Coast. YH will please to forgive us if we do not recog- nise ~9A) such friendship, and ask whether it is that under your predecessors, landing here in these Quarters, have begun to debauch'llany inhabitant s who ~ere bound, b]l oath and under obli . our Han. Com- pany, from its service, in such a way that it is still feeling the effects, to its great injury. Or is it, p~rhaps, that YH means the Ya*awf~ wrongful occupation of f,. CABO CORS, ANNEMABO, and ACRA, which we can prove (ilu&Pfj,,) with good documents '8GIDQ~rQfj~, belong to our Hon . Company; such as by certain declarations in our hands, that YH is also of the same opinion, as you, on the 17th F~bruary of this year, in the Lodge at ANNEMABO, in the course of converstaion, was pleased to make out that our predecessors were fools because they had so easily let YR 1 S COlllpany gs creep in t hel'e at CABO CORS, adding that if YH bad been charged with the irec t ion of 0 Company on~ that occasion, you would have ruined an bu.'nt down the thatcho:;;d house as often as they had the courage' to erect it· hicb neglect "~e shall seek to f or _stall (voorteweesen~ during our service, ~ccording to your l~sson without ny rupture of friendship be- tween us. a..hile, we .... ill ask further eans by that friendship, hich we have not Jet met lit h as coming from YR, for could it be that such it was, that YH 1 s predeces ors , al.:cording to the attestations in our . pos as ion, have debauched out of the service of our t nd hone Company our sw&rn and salaried soldier, as eadman over t he force 'hieh we sent into the field against the &~CASSARS, who, as the greatest traitor with th shedding of much innocent blood which is still 42. 1656. crying out for vengeance, has turned what was entrusted to hIDm (~) against us, and enteeed into service on YH's si4e, in order to assist t~m in the building of a Lodge within our territory of JUMO AXEME, belonging ~e from time immemorial under our Fort ofAXEM, where they come for justice in all difficult and weighty matters; like as also the Chief (Opperste) of the country, on entering upon his government is bound to' do homage to and prove his bounden vassalage to ODr Hon. Company; like as such was also rene~ed in the year l652,on the 30th September, within the market places (vlekken) ILONIJ, CHIAU, and BONGERE, and homage and fi- delity sworn to my Lords the General States and our Hon. Company, as we shall verify withg' good witnesses. Whether now, this is that friendship which there has been for so long between our Companies, or whether YH is pleased to speak of that which we have learnt, in your time, that we must bear in mind how, upon assuming our DirectmDn, we were treated, according to a certain attestat·ion, by Mr Commissaris Nieman on 20th February, in order to make friends with our own servants, when he, without any rea- son, or cause, Lt. tl 7 ..... ~, more lake an unreason- ing creature than a reasonable being, has been pleased to treat us in a most scandalous manner, and to IIdenegc- reeren" (us) dishonourably with infamous words of injury; whose footsteps your Fiscal Jenisch has desired to follow also, not only with improper abuse but also by many con- spiracies and evil actions, wuthin our limits, has planned against the interests of our Hon. Company and to its ruin; which we shall, without respect of persons, learn to have such things duly remedied, as is our bounden duty. In order not to conceal it from YH or from anyone (as we have done up till to-day in order to keep friendship) so is it that the aforenamed Jenisch has attempted,if possible, in our Hon. Company's territory at AXEM, ~o lead our Factor from his auty, seeking to persuade him with many seductive and flattering words, to allow a~ him passage overland to JUMOO, although that Factor referred him to us, who alone was empowered to consent to it; employing also this argu- ment "~~te, that this would not have been refused by Mr Ruyghaver; continuing in such his fictitious practices in an underhand way, for many days while there, we know not whether in the interests of YH's Company, or for his private gain, but which, nevertheless, did not beseem any one appointed to such a charge as his, has preeecuted his trade, particularly with a good parcel of Arda cloths. Whether by this the right of ~ae our Company is not en- croached upon by the one, and our authority ill-used with 1656. 43. slights by the other, we pray that you will, with your customary wisdom, be pleased carefully to consider, and please to accept these as the reasons why we ijave ordered the Fiscal to depart from there, and forbidden anyone to be allowed to stay, who will presume thus to acquit himself agaisst the interests of our Company at any of its places; which the Fiscal, if he had de- sired to appreciate reason, would also have better under- stood; who, nevertheless, with a thoughtless soldier inspired with madness which he indeed justly merited, has sought to avenge this on the innocent, and caused our inhabitants to be watched for and hostilely attacked about CAPE APOLONIJ over it; whose traiterous gun (geweer) with which he sought to injure his good friends and allies, as a true token (waarteken) of his shameful and detestable deed, is at present in our hands; he, the Fiscal, afterwards giving out also, on the 15th May la st, that he ~ould indeed seek his re~enge otherwise, and attack our vassals with fire and sword, because we had made him depart in such a manner as is herebefore re- lated; thereby adding that he would do this whether to our weal or woe, as he held all the 1-eople of AXE:! to be rascals; saying also that having purchased,for the behoof of t.a YH's Company, thl:: territory of JIDAO AXIKI1:E, acq uired by our Hon. Company by it s a rms, he would now very quickly ruin our people, and , to that end, occupy toe place BOUTRY, in order to have them set upon by the people of ENCASSAR, and to close the way from AXE~ to DAMINA to us. Which ENCASSARS had made promises to him on the 3rd June, as he stated, according to the declarations with us, that they would deliver into our hands the heads of our Factors Adriaen Hogenhouek and Jacob Tiebout; (he) declaring that (he) had made an agreement to that end with our chief enemy MENA , who for the cclrryino out of this and similar loyal acts, had already delivered hostages to him, among whom we also know there was a slave the property of our Hon Com- p ny; "hose servants he, Jenisch, on thl:: 18th ay, had forced to listen to his detestable abusive langu...ge he was it in' out against our private person, on the yacht "Stockholm Slot!!, without b~ing willing to let them de- part , t their request, before he had first relieved him- self of his venom. See here the friendship w\:: have en- joyed from YH's side. As to "hat YH ha further had touche upon v ~rb~lly at BOUTRY, that we had Given out t let we shall attack YH at other places, that is decked- out fiction, and we beg YH please to ?oint out anything .he eb e have o~fended a~inst the law of good fri ebdship 44. 1656. and not to speak of what may yet happen, which is un- known to both if us. But this we can V'l ell assure you that such is not to be expected from us (who have or - ders to the contrary) without cause being given other- wise than that we shall faithfully preserve what we now possess for our Hon. Company and uphold it against everyone; only replying, for YH's ~a~ap~a)iaa, satis- faction, to what was sai d to us in YH's name, namely, that YH trusted that we had not received such an order as to build at BOUTRY, or,in other words, t o preserve our Hon. Company's right, from Mr Ruyghaver who prac- tised better friendship with them, and therefore did not be l ieve such an order had been found among the papers he left behind, which, nevertheless, we are not bound to disc l ose, much less are we bound to observe Mr Ruyghaver's manner of doing things, a s at present we possess the same dignity and the privilege thereto be- longing, which he laid do~n by death, so we are not de- pendent upon him, nor are we his creature, but our Hon. Company's Director General, whose only interest is to regulate ourselves accordingly, without this preventing us from dealing with and treating e~py everything we meet with from YH's side as courtesously as you could hope to enjoy from Mr Ruyghaver. With all which we not onl y refute and dispute YH's unfounded title to BOUTRY, the supposed violence and untrue breach of the peace, but also, bYb ~~ in order sufficiently to prove and show that all bands of friendship and alliance have been unreasonably and entirely broken, without cause for it bein6 given on our side, we, in that behalf, by ~irtue of our authority, protest to YH and your Company against the violence, and that YH's unlawful possession at CABO CORS, ANNEMABO, and ACRAA, shall not prejudice the well acquired purchased right which our Hon. Company has to those places, with better title than you have yo BOUTRY; we hereb:~equesting that YH w~, on your Side, will please to give ~aisfaction for what was committed by the Fiscal and others, a s we, on our side, reciprocally offer to do, as &lso about all infra ctions of friendship, or injury, or other abuses, of which YH shall be able to convince us; desiring, for the rest, to give notice to (insinueeren) you, hereby, that in order to punish our r ebels of JUUOO, and not to affront YH's servants, we shall ere long bring a force into the field inorder to restore our right there; which serves as a warning to YH,with regard to your people, to prev ~nt the adversitie s and damage which the bitterness of t he war of the datives is ca USing; like as We also 1656. 45. heraby notify YH that we are bound to uphold the Capitulation upon which the inhabitants of AXEM have submitt ed themselves to obedienc e t o my Lords the General states an~ the Honourable Company; and especially herein that no one, e~en though they were our Hon. Company's own serva.nts or inhabitants of D'Elmina (we are silent about others), shall be allo\\ed to sail wnel!l~~~f'8i"t' the Coast above AXEM with native vessels , canoes, or such like, of which we give YH warning, in order not to meet with an~ disaster; with the announcement t r~t , by the command of our States, we shall take off those of our State who are sailing on YH's or other nations' ships or vessels, and in that manner bring them further to their bounden obedience, like as we shall ~~ke-e&pe-Bet not dare to neglect henceforth to do, or in any v/ay ex- cuse ourselves than because of impotence: nevertheless, in conclusion, respectfully praying - in o~Aer to avoid all disputes on either side after this, on the dark hint that you would not be of the mind to let it pest-at-taat thus rest against us - th&t YH will be pleased roundly to declare to us whether you are disposed to maintain peace and friendship, or whether, to our regret, and contrary to our desire and orders, we shall have to act in accord- ance with something else. Giv~n at the Castle St George d'el ~ina, this 5th September 1656. Authority, of s&me place and date , by DG . Johan Valckenburgh, to Upper Factor & Bookkeeper General Heerman Abrams, to deliver the above to ~ Kruysenstern, . nd witb two witnesses to proceed to CABO CaRS and there to read out and deliver the ~bove Protest to Johan Philip van Kruisenstern, Commandant of the S.A.C. We, the undersigned, declare that this Instrument of Reply and Contea Protest was duly "insinu.eted" and handed over by the Opp. Factor & Bookkeeper-uener~l, e rman hbrams, in accord~nce with the ~uthority given b the Dirtlctor General. In witne 5 whereof we have confirmed this with our signatures at CABO CaRS Ady 5th September 1656. (sgd) Heereman Abramsen . (sgd) Heb;drik Somer. ( " ) Casper Velth~ysen . 46. 1656. "Translated from the High German". "Reply of the Commandant Johan Philip.fvan Cruisenstern,appointea b~ the most Illutrious R~yal Majesty, and by His Chartered African Company, on the Guinea Coast, contra The Hon. Hond. Valiant Mr Johan Valckenburgh, Director General on behalf of the Chartered Honourable West India Company,on the African Coast. " (Versp. WI.Stukken,1162,pp.261/277.) · Honourable Sir, I have sufficiently understood the reply made, both verbally and in writing, by YH on the 26th of last month ,(August, ~ t4-& Protest sent to you by me, in order shor"t- ~ ~/ ly t0J.the- same. So I am not a little s~prised that ~ YH considers it to be untrue that the place BOOTRY has at any time belonged to the Swedish Company by right of ' purchase, or that it has ever e&&a had lawful possession of the same, as it is publicly known that in the year 1650, Mr Hendrik CAARLOFF, then Commandant on behalf of the Swedish African Company, not only built a J;.odge at that place, provided it with men and goods, and himse lf lived there for a consid&erabJ£time; but also it was quietly possessed by us for three years without any opposition, of which, then, the sufficient tokens of lawful possession were properly done by displaying the Swedish flag, which can be proved by many peop~ now on the Coast; until finally, in January 1653 ,(n.b. vide Dammaert' s Journal, 16 Jan.165~ through" the war waged by t he inhabit ants with the INCASSARS, the village BOUTRY, with our Lodge, was burnt down, whereby we had to abandon that place for some time, because of these disturbances, but not the right we had to it; until, at last, on the 20th February of this year,(1656), shortly after my arrival, the BOOTRY inhabitants here, sent to my predecessor, Mr Joost Cramer, then staying at TACCOR- ARY, and continued praying, like as they had many times previously prayed, that Mr Cramer might persuade me that we should again occupy our well purchased right and r etained possession, by building a Lodge, like as also they consequently afterwa.rds, on various occasions,' con- tinued for so long to do with me; until, finally, on the 15th of l ast month, July,I carne myself to BOUTRY, where the Captain and Caboceros then related to me in what 1656. 47. manner Mr CAARLOFF had treated with this country and it was handed over (overgegeven) to our Company, and that they had, and had reserved, no more power to allow possession in the country to aoy at~on but ours; which account agrees also with the Journals and documents which we have , here. hereupon I have (agreed) to build them a Lodge, and have left an Under-Factor, a sold:her, with 18 slaves, W[,O have had the Royal Flag flown, and have aga in resumed our old possession. From this, then, I cannot see that these inhabitants, who six years ago as free people sold their country ("land") to us and which we have possessed quietly and without opposition, should now be vassals of the W.I.C. as was not formerly thought or heard of; and those two battles which were fought one after the other, do not prejudice our Company, and t hE::Y must also have been fought very quietly (~) as not much has been heard of them, and we cannot on that account be deprived of our right; but if one or other of the BOUTRYS was indebted to the W.I.C. on account of the help shown against the INCASSARS, our Compan.) is not bound to pay for it with its purchased land, nor to lose its lawful possession because of it. That YH supposes that no violence was done to us nor that we have been dr.bven out of our law- ful possession, the effeet itse~ proves it, as we have had to evacuate the place, and YH has again taken poss - ession of it by building a new Lodge. And YH may aS5uredly believe that if I had not left my p lawful possession, but had desired to treat the inhabitants with gifts and presents - like as was suffiviently done on YH' side (en ons noyt mach of sal cunnen bewesen worden) - it would never have been got from us; but, as stated before, I, relying upon our well purchased right which has cost our Company suffiCient, have so much the less foreseen that such would be done on YH's side; from which, then, is suffi6%iently to be seen further that it cannot truthfully be shown that I, under the pre~ence of friendsQ,ip, have wished to deprive the Company of its land (country) or inhabitants, like e.S such has been applied to my predecessors but not proved; for I have not taken into posses"ion anything else than what \fas quietly possessed by my predecessors, and pointed out to me by them on behalf '0' our aforenemed Company, and I have desired to take pas es~,ian of again. But that uch accusations, on the other tian~, have been carried into effect by YH, the "Acte" of BOUTRY itself proves . e are silent about the intention on~ has had in mind 48. 1656. with TACCORARY, where, according to the inhabitant s' own statement, one has wished, by gifts and presents, to have us out of our lawful possession; from which it appears that YH is interfer~ing more in my affairs than tA4o..s..."."" I in yours. Those ~'li'!i:. .i g9t QeOi!'!s." gravamina of YH, that the neighbourly friendship has been broken on our side, we see at th0 same time that YH yourself doubts them, as you put questions as if you desired our views about them; and I positively deny that my predecessors have ever had to do with the subjects of the Wesv India Com- pany, who have been bound to the same by oath and duty; much less that they have drawn them from it, as they are falsely accused; but they have dealt and treated with free people who have never been subject to anyone. Much less has the neighbourly friendship been broken by the lawful purchase and long possession of CABO CORS, ANNEMABO, and ACRA, which we can satisfactorily prove with good and well-founded written documents. That YH. nevertheless holds this to be unlawful, and wishes to prove it, inter alia, by my converstaion at ANNEMABO, in the presence of the Factor of ADJA, Francis Roman, it was in this manner:- Mr Roman at that time considered that they still had a claim by right to CABO CORS, as we had driven them away from there, to which I repleed to him Ubat we did not drive them away without they them- selves having broken up their Lodge, as the place never lawfully belonged to them; but they were allowed to in- habit it by favour of the inhabitants, and it came to us by lawful purchase; and if they had had any right to it, they have foolishly and wantonly abandoned the place, as they had the necessary force, and let us build a thatched house there; and, for my self, if I happened to be in com- mand of such, I would not _withdraw from any place where I had a good right, and if ~ had the force, I would resist as much as possible; but as it was Well known to your Lordships (uwe heerlijckheden) that you had little right to the place, and so have afterwards let us dwell there quietly in our thatched house, which was good. Whether, now, such a converstaion shall cause prejudice, I leave to everyone to judge and gramted ~geBg~on) that the one or other might speak freely, if one does not take care that then such speeches and every word should be inserted in a protocol or Journal, like as I had not hoped from Mr LR oman that such would be done, although it is then not "",,14M a ppropriate (ae!,!gelogOi;g~ .{~pt ;1,& he now notes ellery- thing, and not only what is perhaps serviceable to him; so that such cannot prejudice our Company in the least, and if such speeches ~eeaefi) have any value, then one 1656. 49. must not speak, but at once make protocols and attesta- tions thereof, which is very discourteous C~AmaA!e¥lijk1 among friends and neighbours. YH also thinks that the matter of our Company's purchased land of JUMORE is no small one for the rupture of neighhourly friendship, and that my predecessors Cas you pretend but cannot prove) have withdrawn from your State and drawn to us, by presents and gifts, the West India Company 's sworn soldier and Headman (Hooddman) MENA, as is diffusely imputed by YH: so i s it sufficiently to be seen and proved, from the papers we~ve here, how on our side, one originally began to treat with the inhabitants with regard to the land l upon their previous dbecriminating persefveranc e) and on YH's side it was wished to bribe them with sufficient gifts and presents, and has in part bribed them that our Company's servant, COROCO, was mur- derously killed - whose blood still cries for vengeance- and as it could not be carried out with presents one has desired to compel the inhabitants, who are a free people and can do what t hey plesse with their own, by force that they shall not sell it to us: out of which, then, the war with MENA, who r~s never been willing to agree to being a vassal with the AXEMS,was entered upon and so much blood shed over it; from which sufficient ly appears that cause for that war was given not fprm our side but from YH's. That ulliNA and the principal men of the coun- try are our good friends, I grant, for I did not come to wage war with the inhabitants or to deprive them of their freedom, but to live at peace with them and to further the Company's trade. YH is also pleased to cite the difl'erences which occurred on the 10/20 February with the Comwissaris Neeuman, and to touch upon them somewhat slan- derously, but as the same is settled by this reply which I made to the Upper Factor Heerman Abramsen on behalf of the above-named Commissaris, I do not doubt, if he were pre- sent, he would well vindicate himself, like as he then exculpated himself, so that no honourable ~an could prove that he had assailed YH with defamatory words, but had on}y said something in a merry but no malieious spirit, I cannot see how this private difference can sause any rup- ture of friendship between our respective Companies. To the serious accusation which YH further brings in agaiBst our Company's Fiscal, Sigismund Jenisch, I annex hereto his 'ritten statement, in order to vindicate him; but that ~mong those accusations there are great untruths, the story of the ~ sword proves; about which I san pro- duce written attestation that the sword had been stolen 50. 1656. from JUMORE when our aforenamed Fiscal had proceeded ~or-~he second time on the Jm~OR~ journey from JOHAN- NESBURG; and was such a rascal worthy, who utters such praisewoxthy lies in order thereby to incite the Company and its servants against the other, that he is made a span shorter; but that the sword, upon a bare false report of a Native, was hoisted up in triumph at d'Elmina, is well known. We say nothing about ~Be other insulting speeches which have been uttered here and there by your servants about it, but as it is false it is not worth a diffuse reply. Regarding the further accusations, I refer to the Fiscal's written statement, hoping nothing will be able to be proved against him, but that they will be found to be Natives' fictitious falsehoods; and if I wished to believe everything that is brought here daily by the Natives, one would be able to write whmle volumes full of them. From all of which, then, is sufficiently to be seen that it bas been laid to our charge that we have given some cause for the rupture of neighbourly friendship a nd alliance by maintaining that which my predecessors and our Company m~~ have by their ovm means very .dearly pur- chased in a sufficiently lawful manner; that with regard to BODTRY I also maintain w~~-m~--~pes~epe} (~Y8ste8pe) what my predecessors possessed on behalf of our Company, and was pOinted out to me; and give the whmle world to know whether it has been done unreasonably; and YH may certainly believe me that, like as YH will try with heart and soul to maintain the possessions of your Company, such will also be done on our Side, without any rupture of neighbourly friendship, to the utmost of our power; for the oath by which I am respectfully and obediently bound to His Royal Majesty of Sweden and His praisworthy African Company demands nothing else from me. Concerning the contra-Protest made with reference to CABO CORS, ANNEMABO, and ACRAA, whether that be of any value, since we have now possessed that territory (dien oord)now in the seventh year at great expense both with expenditure on building and in other necessities at the same place without any opposition being made to it on YH's side, I will leave to others to judge about it; and as the Protest really concerns the Charter given by His Majesty of Sweden, whic h was granted for these places (plaatse) I will therefore ±e~~e-i~-~~-~~~- let it rest at that; but~ nothing has ever been heard that the W.LC. has ever objected to this Charter, as that it had been granted on its own l~nd. 1656. 51. That YH also reports that you will (go) to JUMORE at the first opportunity \.tBe~ den SSpstSR} in order to pun- ish the rebels there and bring them to obedience, I may well suffer that, but only if no damage is caused to the land belongin~to our Company, and the Lodge standing thereon. Mepawhile this serves for YH's information, that I have given orders to my people,stationed there, to keep quiet, but that if they were hostilely attacked, by anyone, they are empowered to resist to the utmost, and to protect that which has been entrusted to them. Regarding the Capitulation, I see that it concerns no one but the AXEMS and several others besides, over whom YH has the command, who are, then, bound to give heed to the same; but that foreign or free people, and particularly our Company or its servants should be eea included, one knows not by wr~t right the way by sea can be prevented them unless (they) were open enemies. That YH also reports that you have orders to take off all sub- jects of your State who are sailing on our ships or ves- sels, sugh was previously done on YH's side, and also stopped and countermanded again, as I have often under- stood; but if this is now taken in hand anew, I shall do all in my power to pre~ent it. What, finally, YH observes that I have threatened him that our Company would hardly let it remain at that, YH can Certainly rely upon it that the Company would hardly remain quietly silent about the BOUTRY affair, or what could be injuriously added by those from YH's side,as speaking fair- ly about it; but if it happens,contrary to hope,that they let it pass unaccounted for, then I, as a servant who does nothing without orders, must consequently be content. Meanwhile, YH has nothing else to look for from our side but that I seek nothing more,nor to my knowledge have eV8r given occasion otherwise,than to keep peace and neighbourly friendship;but where I might be molested in my ~u!et ~ possession,in whatever place it might be,I shall seek to protect my self and what is entrusted to me according to my power, which no honour-loving person can take amiss. Giv_n at the Swedish Castle at CABO CORS, Ady 6th September 1656. (sgd) J.P.v.Kruysenstern. "That this written reply i.a.w. the order made (n.c.) was handed over in our presence, we the undersigned att~st was done at Del Mina, Ady 6th September 1656. (Sb ) Sig lsmundt Jenisch. (sgd) Johan Abram Haintreb. Upper Factor. ( " ) Abraham van der 'ryden . 52. 1656. Reply from the Fiscal Jenisch to the Swedish Commandant Kruysenstern, about the accusation of General Valckenburg. (Versp.WI.Stukken,1162,pp.277/288.) Hon,Austere,Valiant,& Highly Hond.Mr Commandant, As Genc:ral Joha.n Valckenburg, in his Contra-Protest concerning the taking-away (afnemen) of BOUTRY, also re- members my person, I have therefore, in the manner of a culprit, desired to send my teply to YH, so that everyone may recognise the truth a&&~~-~~T from it. After my departure from yours, with orders to go to JUMORE, with the Chaloup Henequa and the Factors Coppyn and Nijset, we arrived at the Fort Johannesburgh. Some days afterwards, the Fiscal Man with the Factor of CHAMA, Van den Dorpe, came unexpectedly by sea in small canoes, requesting me to lend them a canoe for AXEM. As I then informed thmm, I was in a hurry (bevordert) to go to JUMORE, via AXEM, and from there overland or by sea if that were the best way, according to the written instructions. MeanWhile, I informed the Fiscal, Man, that I had written a note to General Valckenburgh and in it requested that, as I would like to go e~ep±aaQ to JUMORE overland, because of the rough sea, he Vlould as a better precaution for me, commmnicate a small recommend- ation to the Factor at AXEM, which letter in its cover missed that gentleman as he was at ACRA without my know- ing it, and so was sent back; from which is apparent that I was not making a secret j~urney, mush less have wished to divert the Company's servants from their faithful duty, for which also I have not been sept out. c Coming to AXEM, Messrs van Wij,t and van DiJk came to meet me and bid me welcome and brought me into~the Fort to Fiscal Man and the Factor Hogenhouck, who on seeing me, bid me welcome. After that, Mr van Wijck, who had come in a yacht from Benyn, and the Fiscal Man went to the ship to depart to D'Elmina, when the rest of us accompanied them to the beach. In returning, Coppyn saad that the aforenamed Fiscal had given him to understand that he had arranged with the Factor Hogenhouck that they could ~ let us pass overland. I then spo~e to the Factor Hogenhouck myself, who represented that he could not allow this with- out express orders from Mr Valckenburgh. During the con- verstetion, it occurred to me that shortly before/our Ass- istant, Rodolph Hen~rikx, had been willingly let through overland, so that he could well let me pass. To this he replied that l'i!r Ruychaver was no longer alive, but that Mr Valckenburgh had the command; to which I may well have 1656. 53. said that if the former were still living, I should in- deed be let through. As I was expecting the chaloup every moment, in which ~o embark with the others and I did not therefore wish to go back, I asked to stay in the village, which he did not want but desired me to stay in the Fort; a mark of respect f accepted as a friend. Awaiting the chaloup from day to day, I sent Jan Rijsen dOWh to hasten it up, but it did not come. Meanwhile, the Factor Hogenhouck r8ceived letters from D'Elmina in which (so he said) he was ordered that I must leave there at once for he might lodge no one. In orJe r not to trouble anybody, 1 took leave. It was then about 3 o'clock in the afternoon, when Coppyn, being afraid of the sea, informed me that there was a small village two hours from there, where he could come overland, and I by sea, in order to stay the night there and meet the chaloup. It was, however, such bad weather for some days, that no one could go to sea, so had to remain there for some days till the weather was better; and after considering everything, I informed the Factor Hogenhouck of this, whereupon he invited me to the Fort to await good weather. Mr Valckenburgh represents me as having come there for my own profit, and that I sold Arda cloths and carried on a larg e trade there; but AXEM is truly not a place adapted to trade anything particular. But , r eca lling the Arda ~loths, I had 24 pieces with me to make presents at JUMORE; but as I had an offer from Manuel, the Mulat to , to buy a canoe with those cloths, I oought it with the knowledge of the Factor. When Hogenhouck saw them, he asked me if our Company had an~ more of the same to dispose of, nd gave me some gold to send him some for it, which , as a friend, I did not refuse him. This is the large trade "dut mijn affitie,i despecteert sijn"; I am corUlident that such things indeed happened at the time that Mr Valcken- burgh was Fiscal and Factor at AXEM. When, on the 1st April l ast . old style, I was ordered to go to JUMORE, nothing was done there but what I was ordered in writin5' like as the report can show, from which is to be seen that the Holland servants were not thought of; thus it must be an imagined report. But, how it ~ent with me on this journey, it happened in the follo.iug manner :- I was obliged, from urgent neceSSity, to come to AXE ; fipe~ fir¥t because of the tornado which came up; secobdly to refresh the canoemenj thirdly to fetch away the purchased canoe. As soon as I came into their country or beach, I ha this r port d to the Factor Hogenhouck by Cop ijn, nd that I woulu leave everything in the c~noe and e" go 54. 1656. to the nearest house on the beach (to my old slave woman's sister who was unlawfully withholding her daughter,also my slave, from me), but I could not be suffered there so long, because of the aforementioned order. A penalty of three bendas gold was imposed upon the woman if she gave me a drink of _water or allowed me to sit in her house; with which I was shown off the b8ach with so many ~ I words of abuse, t011nsult and ignominy of the Company, 4. by the servants of'\he Fort, slaves, and negro inhabi- tants, from the Fort and beach, as would not have been used against a criminal in the mother-countrY who was being banished from the country. Moreover, it can be proved that they aspired to incite the 17 QUAQUA "Cucas" lying there, and wished to bribe them to smash me up at sea; to follow their old example which they had in good memory, with me. That it is the greatest llmtruth, what Mr Valckenburgh represemts, that through this expulsion I have acted in vindictiveness; as when that happened, I had not been at AXEM again, mmch less have I come to CAPE APOLONIA; but how it happened therewith, I have had told me by truth- ful persons. When our chaloup came to JUMORE with the Factor Jan Rijsen, on the ultimo March, a soldier went on board, by order, who gave his sword to a Native in anbbher canoe who would swim, l¥hile coming on board, an AXEM canoe passed, with wa~~B-~~-&~& whom they spoke, and the Natives from AXEM took the sword and went on with it. This is the murderous, treacherous weapon which was ep~ brought to the Castle D'Elmina, in order to prove that it was my sword, with which I would have perpetrated that & more injuries, which, as I have been and remain an hon- ourable man, pains me to learn. Coming down with the yacht, II stockholmslot V on 5/15 May, the Fiscal Man came to us in a canoe and coming on board, stayed the night. I begged him, on my behalf, to inform the Factor Hogenhouck that I had purchased the country (Illand ll ) of JUMORE for the Swedish Company. If I had had anything more to say to him I should indeed have done so, and not told it to the Natives, who do not under- stand me very well, wibhout their being full of false- hoods, like those who brought the sword to D'Elmina; but I can quite imagine that this Native, a loose rascal, would not have much good to say about me, because he had bought four muskets on board, which my overseer took away from him; amd I acknowledge that it was not on my account of the Fiscal Man that ~B~S he and others, who so shame- fully hooted me away from there,were kept on board, and Brought to CABO CORSo 1656. 55. Concerning the hostages, it is also untrue that a slave is among them , ~hey b~ ing sons of the principle men of the country. The interpreter of MENA came here with them. Whether he is a Company slave from AXEM, I leave to the mulatto woman, Felicia, to dispute, who told me in ~he presenc~ of m~ny that he was her slave whom she had sol to MENA , and it is preposterous to hear that I should have accepte~ a bought slave as a pawn. As regards the evil counsels which I had wi~h MENA ,also abouG the de livery of the two heads of the Factors Hogen- houck and Tibout (1), I Vias not ordered to do so, and also did not desire it my self; still what could one undertake with those heads, without orders from our COIlLIJander (Opper- hoo d). So long as I am in his service I sl~ll not do otherwise tnan what I am ordered. The reasonableness of the AXKIJ1 l~atives is well kno¥m to loe and to all who are acquainted with Anthony COROQUO' s murder, a", they have told me themselves at AXEM, and simi- lar examples more are known: but as Mr Va lckenburgh late- ly d~scrib~d them to me bJ the name of rascals, it is not n~cessary toi dispute their reasonableness. Lastly is further r~embered ~el~p of native gossip, what should hav~ happened on the "Stockholmslot", and what must be "geweesen" on board with th~ new Factor of Chama. That Factor did not ~ome into the cabin, out was sea-sick and put into the berth. The Natives dranK iheir fill of liquor anj neither tue¢,actor nor a.ny Nativ was obli~ed to stay against his will, as they were more a hindrance than a neces sity on board. When la .., t I was sent into INCASSAR, I was not ordered to speak about either the W.I.C. or its servants, Dor were they thought of. It is the.refor e a truthfu17native 'wfd'''' which Gen,-ral Valckenburgh br ings forward. It were to be wishad that when one blames anyone, truthful reports shoulj b made use of, tlwn thus to sully anyone ith fcilsehood. In such manner has it happened when I went up with Coppijn,like a in the goin5 down with skipper Jan Rijnke &: Coenraet .leyer &: others, as can be proved . In conclusion &c &c, YH's ob_dient servant, (sgd) Sigismundt Jenisch. Johannesburgh [The Fort at T~c9rary, vide Granlund,p.29.) 28 August 1656. This r eply b~in read aloud to us, we have ans er~d lt hortly hat they sald we hai sought to help ourselves 56. 1656. with native reports. This would appear in due course, and about that, they ~a were only speaking in ignorance. Ans a s regards the 1Iinsinuation" of this writing, we thought that Mr Cruisenstern might well have spared that trouble, and would have done better to have informed the Swedish Compan~, his Principals~, of his supposed rights (gerechtigheid) as we should do to ours; for to carryon such disputes here could cause nothing butbitterness and estrangement, ani no benefit was to be expected from it; nor could ~e see what Mr Commandant's intention was in troubling us with this writing, as no conclusion wa s to be understood out of it other than that which we ~.e~& would let him learn by a rejoinder (duplicq). With which we sent them away. 1Il»lbhan Valckenburgh, Director General over the Northern District of the Coast of Africa, on behalf of their High Mighti- nesses the Lords States ~eneral of the Uni- ted Netherlands together with the Gen. Ch aEt. W. 1. C• ... His IllustrmoUB~ Royal Majestyfl of Sweden's and His Chartered African Company's appointed Commandant on the Guinea Coast, the Hon. Hond.Valiant & Highly Respected Mr Johan Philip van Kruysenstern. 1I (Wersp.WI.Stukken,1162,pp.288/293) Honourable Sir, To the contents of YK's reply, fulminating frivolities which has quite unnecessarily come before us, we say that YH might well have spared us from it; not so much because of what we see fundamentally ap~~e& deduced in it, but, indeed, in order to wit rillold that which we have shortly to adduce in ref iltation of all YH's"impertinent"allegations and useless contentions; such as, then, that your reply, from beginning to end, abundantly ~B~P portrays s~h inter- lading of your simulated and 1Igeblanchette" disposition, especially with the so unreasonable argument that ypu would be freely empowered (without rupture of friendship) to ~ae purchase for the Swedish African Company the coun- tries, harbours, and ports of this Coast, when the treach- erous and overcharged avaricious character of the Natives gives occa sion for it, although our Hon. Company has for many years, and before the establishment of your Company was thought of, posses sed them by right of purchase on of 1656. 57. conquest from the Spaniards or Portuguese, and still with- out any objection being alla.ed on our side against it. flJa, dat deselve in contrarie na DE voorbeeld op die manier haar voordeel dus mede soekende, of haar rechtmatige heerschappij daer sij hebben in agting nemende, sulks sonder onse natie op de Oostzee gelijk voor de BOUT ROUSE Kalk Graaf te doen betaalen, niet soude mogen geschieden; YH b~in6 of the opinion that, if it should please you, you are en~itled to dispossess us and also without reason to make the vassals and servants o~ the Hon. Company into rebels and perjurers, in order to kill, pursue and ruin those who remain obedient to us; and under the pretence of friendship, to cause us such wounds as we already bear by what YH possesses through usurpation; which, also, we are not to be allowed to punish without e~ea~iag thereby break- ing the peace between the two eaYa~~la Nations. But that (with all respect to YH) is such a matter that will be held by all the world to be a ae~~8 detestable opinion, which also is lossening all ~Ra bands of good faith and honour, and can neither produce nor nourish any f r iendship between friends and allies; especially as under YH's Direc- tion every kind of offence by word and deed is certainly permitted to be perpetrated against our ~ation. Of this there is abundant evidence in your reply and the annexed papers, in which, as other force is lacking, it is sought to assail us with slanders and contumely; like as from such a lampoon (without conclusion) is not to be under- stood the reasons which would a~~aa~- otherwise have urged YH to deliver the same, but solely in order, by a disposition inspired by bitter hatred from an evil flingesoi~enen opinion, to "denegreerenfl with untrue fables, your friends and neighbours who would gladly live in friendship, a3 we, on the contrary, will show where it is due; which, if it pleases you, YH can also have done , without molesting us further in the matt.er with such contagious writings; for we are not here to live in dis- putes with you in this manner, but to take care of our Lords'and Masters' service, about which if disputes arose between our respective Nations on this Coast, other means indeed can be proposed for their adjustment, if upright friendship is sought; which 1s not b~lng attempted by YH, whose unfounJ.ed, injuri9us, and threatening reply, as that thereto annexed, we sufficiently refute as impertinent and 58. 1656. insufficient, and hereby, in rejoinder, persist in oub well-founded Reply, eontra-~rotest, and Insinuation made on the 5th instant. Given ay the Castle st Gennge d'el Mina the 18th September 1656. Note. The a bove doc~nt was handed .80ver and r ead to J.P Kruysenstefn at CABO CORS by H. Abramsen in pres ence of H. S9mer & J.v n Stetten, on 18th Sept. CPfq ~"'~~ b&t.t'- i' tL; 1'. 'Je- (0. ¢. 1656. (1657) • "Reply, to th", previous letter, to the English Principal, by the Director General Johan Valckenburgh, at the Castle St George del Mina,Ady22nd November 1657 (sic). = (Versp.WI.stukken,1162,pp.295/300). Hon. Hond. Most Worshipful, Wise & ~rudent Sir, Although we have reason to complain both to God and to ~ll reasobable men about the unreasonable actions which are in every respect unlawfully done by YH's servants ag- ainst us and our people, I nevertheless feel bound,through YH's courteous letter, as yet to withhold them and to reply in like manner with regard to the matter of BIEMBA, that,¢ we are not of the intention to build there, much less have given orders ~or it; a ~ under my orders, YH has not to fear it from our servants' ~) 1 have, at the urgent persist--~L ~nce of the King of AGUAN for more than eight months,~sent our yacht before the plac ERCU for the advancement of our Company's trade, and have, indeed, a~solutely r efused the same Aing to build a Lodge at BIEMBA (notwithstanding the more than usual trouble he took over it) daarin nooit verder v8rstaande; but, not to avoid the truth, we had not that in- tention before YH should force us, by coercing the inhabi- tants of ACRA to the same thing; and in that case we should, as YH has done nezt to us at ACRAA, also build a fortifi- cation next to YH at BIEMBJ:; for, as we know well, YH does not keep an establishment there without the expenditube of effects(effecten), so will you also please to believe that, in our case, we do not possess ACRAA with_out experiencing the same; and YH has neither right nor reason to disturb us in it (a s happened some days ago), which we would by no means suffer unless, with the authority of the said Blacks, YH would also have to allow us at BIEMBA; and what YH on your side considers you cannot &±±ew be subject to, we on our side, beg that you also will not let be done. To ~hich endw_ quite friendly and neighbourly desire to request that the Treaty of ~eace, Union, and Conferderation conclud- ed betwe n His Illustrious Highness the ~rd PDotector of the epublic of England, Scotland, and Ireland, and my High and lJi 'hty Lords the General States of our country (so far as it concerns us) ~ay be punctually maintained in all re ects n1 poin~ , accordinl to the tenour, form, and cont -nts th reof; a", W.j have or..iers to do from their H" . • . which 'e can, and offer to, exhibit: .. ssuring YH that it y,ill be a great pleaseure to us, a long <13 Y,'cl are 6.f}& spared, alv.-ays to fulfil this char5e sincerely. And ~&. CfQ 611 1656. (1657). (. ote. i~cr~pancy in tn o,ies nts.) 1 fLl friund ~ swrvant, lot'tavely. 1656. (1657). 61. although we are confident of the best from YH we observe, however, that although the Articles of Peace by no means provide that here, abroad, the one should have freedom of trade in the other's place, YH, contrary to this, wi has with the yacht "Concordia" wished strongly to force this r ~), Louis SOARES, by which Soares she, Maria, being freed from the yoke of slavery, has afterwards pos- sessed the mother of this COROQUO. Which COROQUO, being also emancipated by her, besides the crimes of which he was on sever~l occasions subdued (overwonnen), was also, inter alia, this:- that he, at the time that Mr van der WEL bad the direct ion here, contrived to incite the young men to rebellion, and advised them to send an embassy to CORMENTYN, letting himself also be employed in it, in order to attack this Fort unawares and to deliver it into the hanss of the English, for which purpose ladders for the surprise (susprenderen) of the same had already been completed under his advise; he exerting himself for the execution of this deed in such a way t .hat he raised l.lb gold from the inhabitants for that purpose, in order to offer (aanbieden) it to the English, and to tempt them to their wishes; whereas the English rejected that their offer (presentatie). Offering to verify and confirm the truth hereof ••• ••• (Conclusion and signatures are precisely similar to those on page 1 69, supra.) ... • •• 1656. 71. (Translated from the original,in Dutch,in WIC.oc.12) On this day, the 25th day of November 1656, appeared before me, Lduard ltan Fiscal over the Northern District of Africa, at present at the Fort St Anthonie of AXEM, and the witnesses hereafter named, the Hon. Adriaen Hogenhouck and Adriaen van Steenlant Assistant, in the service of the Hon. Gen. Chart. W.I.C., residing within the said Fort, both v er~ well known to me Fiscal, who, at the request and requisition of the Hon. Johan Valck- enburch, Director General over the N. District of Africa, ••• ••• (as before) hereby jointly and severally dec lare, testify, and attest that it is true how that AUSY BENE Captn, SfuWlENE, and ANSA, Chiefs of the Upper part, and AUSY PAIN Captn, BINDIA, MACASSAN, and ATIEMBA, Chiefs of the Lower part ofAXEM, after previous oath that they will make a truthful deposition, have deposed and declared, in our presence that MENA , a native of the District of CHOREE [fwira?j was procrea- ted there, by the Captain of the same District, named SIRMA, by a certain slave woman of his, named AGRY COCCOO, so that he is a subject of captivity by birth; which MENA, at his furth~r bringing up (opgetrocken), has finally not only dared to offend the same, but others also; whereby, leavin5 the aforenamed CHOREE his Father- land, he came down into the Districts of GAITRY (QUITRY?) and COBRE, with much people of his following: from where he was sent for by the l ate Fiscal of the Hon. Company, Hendricq CAERLOFF, at that time commanding at AXEM, where he was sworn and hired by him and by us , for the service of the Hon. Company and this District, in order to be employed in the war against those of ENCASSAR; that oath carrying with it that he would remain faithful and loyal to the Hon. Company and the Chiefs at AXEM until such time as the aforenamed ENCASSERS had been subdued; he ~~~~ drawn hi pay not only from the hands of them, ( , Chiefs, but also from the aforenamed Fiscal or Hon. Company: which likewise was afterwards pursued by th~ present Director Gen~ral Johan Valckeaburch, form~rly Fiscal, by whose rnanagem~nt (beleyt) the .i:forenamed war w s Iso brought to a good end; but, nev€ft;less, without he, YEIA, staying to the last by such his oath or fideli- ty, which , through the incitement of tte SWEDES, n mely under the management (beleyt) of the aforenamed CA2RLOFF, v.ho had com~ into these ~uarters, he bas shamefully 72. 1656. broken; turning his arms against those for whom he bore them, has very treacherously and unexpectedly fallen upon this District and that of BOUCREE, their "mede- broederen", in the persons of their subjects, carrying off a great number of them, besides those who weee killed, to the District of JUMO, where he, making the inhabitants rebel against the Hon. Company, at the re- quest of the SWEDES, has built them a badge to drive their trade, sustaining, or as he was made to believe by the SWEDES, that he was not boun~ to the Hon. Company, but to the aforenamed CAERLOFF, who had cleared him of his oath. Offering to verify and confirm the truth hereof ••• ••• (Conclusion and signatures are precisely similar to those on page 69 supra) j 1656. 73. (Translated from the original, i n Dutch, in WIC.oc.12) On this day, the 25th day of November 1656,appeared before me, Eduard Man Fiscal over the Northern District of Africa, at present at the Fort St Antony ofAXEM, and the witnesses hereafter named, the Hon Mr Adriaen Hogenhouck and Adriaen Steenlant Assistant, in the service of the Hon. Gen. Chart. W.I.C.,residing wi~hin the said Fort, both very well known to me Fiscal, at the request and requisition of the Hon. Mr Johan Valckenburch,Direct or General ov er the N. Ceaa~ District of Africa (as before) hereby jointly and seve a lly declare, testify, and att8st ~hat it is true how that AUSY BENE Captn, SAMMENE and ANSA, Chiefs of the Upper part, and AUSY PAINY Captn, BINDIA, MACOSSAN, & ATIEMBA, Chiefs of the Lower part ofAXEM, after previous oath that they will make a truthful deposition, have deposed and declared, in our presence, that they, having fallen into war with those of ENCASSAR, their "mede broedersFin, like as also had those of the Upper Quarter of ANTA, there appeared, in the name of the same, the Head Chief (Opper- hoofd) of all the same ANTENAERS, named COUBIESANG, making request to and praying the aforesaid Hon. Mr Dir- ector General, Johan Valckenburgh, being at that time Fiscal and commanding here, and to them, Chiefs, to allow victory (lantwinning te vel'gunnen ) for him and his (people), dnd also to be willing to assist against the aforesaid ENCASSARSE, his enemies, and at that time rebels of the Company: which was granted and allowed him , provided he and his should renew the oath of allegiance to the Hon. Company, and, like as before, always henceforth remain the faithful vassals of the same, without ever submitting themselves to any on~ else, so long as the Hon . Company should have the might and power to maintain them. Whereupon, ensued that they, Headchiefs (Op~erhoodden), of ANTA, having performed such oath, with all their people placed themsa~ves under the protection of this Fortress, and particularly also the Captain and Caboseros of BOUTRY; where they remained so long until the aforesaid ENCASSARSE have been compelled, by our arms, to submit to the Hon. (;otnpany; whert:!by they, ANTENAARS, were again restored into their country. Offering to verify and confirm the truth hereof ••. ••• (Conclusion an signatures are precisely similar to those on page 69, supra.) 74. 1656. (Translated f r om the origina l,in Dutch,in WIC.oc.12) On this day, the 25th day of November 1656, appeared before me, Eduard Man Fiscal ov~r the Northern District of Africa at present residing at the Fort st Anthony of AXEM, and the witnesses hereafter named, the Hon. Mr Adriaen Hogenhouck and Adriaen ~ Steenlant Assistant,in the service ot the Hon. Gen. Chart. W.I.C.,residing within the said Fort, both ver~ well knmvn to me Fiscal, who, at the ~quest and requisition of the Hon. Mr Johan Valcken- burch, Director General over the N. District of Africa ••• ••• (as before) • •• ••• hereby jointly and severally declare, testify and attest that it is true how that AUSY BENE, Captn, SAMMENE, and ANSA, Chiefs of the Upper part, and AUSY PAIN, Captn, BINDIA, MACOSSAN, and ATIEMBA, Chiefs of the Lower part ofAXBM, after previous oath that they will make a truthful deposition, have deposed and declared, in our presence, that the Districys of JOUMO, ABRI PI QUEM, COBRE, BOUCROE, AXEM, and ENCASSOR have, fr om time immemorial (van ondenkelijke tijden hert been attached (vercnocht) and allied to each other; whose disputes, which have at any time arisen between the afore- said Districts, Rave always been decided and settled by the Portuguese Chief or Commander of this place, in the name and on behalf of the King of Spain and Portugal's Governor at de MYNE, as representing the Sovereign of them all: before which Commander, also, all matters of justice in each one's jurisdiction have been continually trans- ferred (gedevoleert) on appeal, and there definitely set- vIed and decided, without further proceedings happening about the same (sander verder betrock over 'tselve te vallen). Likewise they declared that they know well that al~ Captains of the aforesaid Districts who have succeeded, £¥8-a±way& have always, upon enaering upon their office, done homage to the King of Spain & Portugal's Governor; like as such is continued to the l'Ietherlands Genera ls, or to the Commanders residing at AXEM, on their behalf. Declaring particularly that bhey know well that the beach of the Districts ABRIPIQUEEN and COBRE, besides, belonged to the Kings of Spain and Portugal as their property (in eigendom heeft befioort), so that they, above their right which they exercised as Sve r lords (Opperheeren) of the aforesaid Districts, have absolutely disposed over the affairs of the aforesaid beach, like as now, still at pre- sent, the Captains or Chiefs (Hoofdlieden) bordering (aanpalende) thereon, have "particulier" received their asseygais or emblems of co~mand with regard to the same beach, from the Commander staying here at AXEM on behalf 1656. 75. of the Ho,. W.I.C's Generals, in order therewith to punish those who should commit any violence or other e&~se abuses along that wa,: it being also true that the river of SEJANE has, for long and from very olden times, belonged to the King of Spain and Portugal, who, like as now at the present time, the Hon. W.LC., has been entitled (gecompeert) to receive from it the toll het recht ende toll) from the passers-by (passanten), because the ownership of the aforesaid river had been purchased by the aforesaid highly esteemed King from the predecessors of their "medebroeder", ENTAMMA, who had been Lords and possessors thereof; which they said they know well, and likewise also the aforesaid ENT~ has declared to them that such was true. Saying fur- ther also, with regard to the jurisdiction of the part of ~ae AXEM situate or belonging under the Captains und Chiefs settled under this Fort, that the same ext ends Eastwards from them as air as to a certain l arge rock called by the AXEMS, AQUASOO, and by the Portuguese, PEDRA ST ,MAill: ),ike as also, at the time when Jan Henryque Cotinge1'was Governor at DE MYNE, a certain AXEM man, named BESSEN BIREE (from whom the aforesaid BINDIA is descended) had his dwelling on the same rock, in order that he there rece ived the toll from the ENTECHE, who wished to go westward to make salt, oil~ or canoes; by which rock there (they) were separated (afgescheyden) rroffi the Upper Quarter of ANTAN: like as they do on the West, with the river BEAREE, which runs into the sea about a mile to the I\est of SlANE, where their boundary (land- scheyding) with those of COBRE is. They stating that those of thd jurisdiction sitting under the Fort at AXEM, have always, from olden times, had the privilege that no one situate below (beneden) them, such as those of ANTA, COlilANY, FUTU, SABOU, and al l others, has been allm'led to navigate the coast above AXEM, on pain of death (op ver- beurte vun de lijve); in which they were ma intained by the Portuguese, who had some MYNSE punished with de~th over it, who had ventured to sail (varen) to SUMANE, at the time of a Captain named Louis §AARES: upon which an the like condition also, they have betaken themselves under obedience to their High Mightinesses the Lords States Gen~ral, an~ the Hon. Company, in order that they 76. 1656 should be upheld in such (bij sulxcs): Likewise, also the Fiscal, Hendrik CAERLOFF, in the service of the Hon. Company, when some QUAQUAS had ventured to sail from windward down the caost to SAMA, without putting in at AXEM, as is t he inherent right of the place, punis~ed them for it with the confiscat ion of all their goods. Offering to verify and confirm the truth hereof ••• ••• (Conclusion and signatures are precisely similar to those on page 69/ supra.) The English Guinea Company. Vide the Protests p. 59, supra. 1656. 77. The Swedish African Company. (Supplementary to the PDotests, commencing p.34, supra) Copy extract from the Journal of the Command- ant, Crusenstern, formerly "Rofmeester" of the late Chancellor Oxenstier n. (App. C.ii, to l etter from J.P Silvercroon to Stat. Gen. dd. 29 July 1662 ,Haag , in S.G.Lokket Kas, Zweden, 38. App. C. t o Mme orandum from same to same, dd. 27th Dceember 1663, 's-Gravenhage , im S.G.Liassen, W.I. 5782.) Coming on the Coast in J anuary 1656, the General RUYGHAVER came to greet B~ and welcome him, on 5th January, at CABO CORS, and after having stayed there one day and night, Mr Ruyghaver a lso invited the Commandant to Fort Nassau; and having been there together, they returned to CABO CORS, and Mr Ruyghaver again stayed over the night there, and after breakfast Mr Ruyghaver left for Elmina,on the 8th (9th?) ditto, after he had promised all neighbourly friendship to the Swedish Commandant , who reciprocally promised the same . On the 16th ditt o, Hans Neuman, Cramer, & Sigismond, Fiscal, lourneyed to TACCARARI and in passing spoke to ~ Ruyghaver , who was indisposed. On the 18th, got news at CABO CaRS of the death of l~ Ruyghaver . On the 19th, the Commandant Crusenstern sent the Upper 1<'actor,Neinseh, to Elmina , to offer condolences and to attend the funeral, which took place on the 20th. On the 24th, Mr Crusenstern sent the Factor Jan Christi- aenssen to Elmina , to congratulate the new General VALCKENBURG in his office , and on the same day, in the afternoon, came three Factors from Elmina, and thanked the Commandant for the congratulations sent, and assured Mr Crusenstern that he will live with him in all neighbourly friendship and correspondence . 78. 1656. The Danish African Company. Extract from Kay Larsen,"De Danske i Guinea". (p.12) On 28th June 1656, the Royal Privilege was issued to the Company, for a 20 years monopoly for naviga- tion, under the Vanish flag, on the "African & Guinea Coastv The Company was to have its seat in GIUckstadt. The same year two Guinea merchantmen were ready to leave, but neither was to take in slaves. Note. For the events i n Europe: the Northern War, Sweden & Poland; Swedens' sieges of Danzig: the despatch of the Dutch fleet t-e under Obdam to the Baltic, to protect its trade; alliance between the States & Denmark, &c. &c. Vide:- Edmundson, p. 229. Nisbet Bain, p. 240. and Aitzema. Vol. III. Qaa~T Book XXXVI, p.1236. ( End of 1656) ~1:U5tl • 1657. 1. 1657 Resolutions states General. / J:65&. (st .Gen. 3229). (SECRET. St.Gen. 2319). lOth January""iil"5'8'"". 1657. Is r ead at the Assembly a certain hemonstrance from the Directors of the WIC. to the effect that their Ho. Mo. 's resolution of the 22nd December last might be sent to the Council of State, om ordonnantie te doen de pecheren of the sum of 60,000 guld., consent~d to by the same resolution for the dispatch of 200 soldiers, purchase of victua1s ammunition of war medicines and other necessaries for the conservation of the Castle DEL MINA. And secondly, that s om~ persons from the Chamber Amsterdam might be nominated by their Ho. Mo., who should be account- accountable for the said sum. Whereupon, being deli- berated it ~as resolved that the aforesaid resolution shall be sent to the Council of State, with request to doen depecheren descharges of the said 60,000 guld., and the Burgermeester Albert Pater, Eduard man, a nd Isaacq van Beecq, all Directors at the Amsterdam Chamber, were depu- ted to be accountable for the administration of th~ said sum . (-The Deps of the Provinces agreed to get Princi~als' consent: Vriesland objecting to the Resolu- tion.-). 27th April 1657 . Again broU6ht forward the l etter from the Directors of the WIC ., at the Amsttjrdam Chamber , written there the 16th instant , tt~t th~y intended to hold the As sembly of the XIX, towards the Ith of next mont;h, at Awsterdam; with request that th~ir Ho. MO. would apyoint Deputies . hesolved tbat the Dirt:!ctors be written to that they sffil1 holi the Assembly of XIX here::, in the:: Hague. 16th May 1657. Received l et ~er from th~ deputed Dir~ctors of the res- active Chambers of the iHC . representing th~ .hs.;embly of the XIX, dd. Amvterdam 12th inst, requesting their Ho . mo . to sena Lh"ir deputies there. Upon which is opg",houden . 29th May 1657. Rec~ived letter f DDm the Dirs WIC at Amst. dd.J5th inst, requesting th~ir Ho. Mo . to send thtir deputies thtlr towds 4th June, to attend Assembly XIX. upon which resolv",d to persist in previous resolu.tion t2.k_n b' th",ir Fio . o. on the same subject. . 2. 1657. 4th June 1657. Heceived letter from the Directors of the WIC. at the Chamber Amsterdam, dd. 2nd instant, to the effect that .if their Ho. Mo. through the weighty discussions might be hindered from sending deputies to the Assembly of the XIX, that they might transmit the discussions of the XIX to ~h3ir Ho. Mo. in order to be a;proved. Which is accepted for notification. 15th June IG57 ~ The deputies of the Province of Gelderlandt, the .: consent of their Principals, in the petition of 600,000 guld. for the acceleration of the extra equippage at sea; as also in the sum of 60,000 guld. to be employed for the security of the Castle DEL MINA; both hereinafter inserted:- 8th l~y 1657. Head letters from the Directors of the WIC.at Amsterdam Chamber dd. 23rd April last, with enclosed extracts from the rlegister of the Secret Resolutinss of their Ho. Mo. of the 22nd December of last y~ar 1656, and loth January 1657, whereby app- ears that it was found good by their Ro. Mo. that for the security of the Coa st of GUINEA, and especially of Ca stle DEL MINA, upon whi~h a certain design was in- tended by the King of Portugal, the WIC. should be assisted with a sum of 60,000 guld., and to that end, without delay, to send thither a succour of 200 soldiers, besides necessary am unition of war, provi- sions, medicines and other necessaries; for which purpose already descharges had been granted by the Eords Councillors of State, and sent to p~rticular Direc t ors at Amst erdam in order to administer the same, and to f give due account thereof to the satis- faction of their Ro. Mo., that the aforesaid sum shall be effectively employed for the aforesaid ends. And as no absoluy-e consent had as yet been given theret·o on behalf of thms Province at the time, and now by further letters from~t their Ho. Mo. of 27th April, t,his was also requested: therefore has the Landschap after deliberation, found good to consent therein for its Quota, at the sum of 3,367 guld., upon the con- ditions as above. Concordat. Quod testor, Theod. Cremer, Secty. 1657. 3. Extract from the "L antda&~s r~"in anno 1657-1n April, & afterwards held in Zutphen 18th April 1657. Firstly on a let~er from the Lcrds Coun- cillors of State of 3rd march la ~t ,supp­ orted by letters from their Ho. woo in which was requested a consent to 600,000 guldens, to be employed from t he Convoys and Licences as well a ~ the Vei l oelt for the equipping ani illdintenance of an extra- ordinary and eonsiderable fleet of warships on the part of the State, to be sent to sea again by the respective Col eges of Admir alt y . Is by the Lantschap found good and agreed if the costs (f such a fleet cannot be found out of the aforesa id Convoy and Licences,as well a s the Veijlgelt, that then, met gevolch van de andere Provinces, is her~by ag reed to; on condi~ion that aceor ing to the request of the Lords Councillors of State, made by the former petition, satisfaction shall be given to the WIC ftor the great damage suffered by it and the State may take reseenciment van ~he Of .l'ensien & injuries done to the same by the Port uguese. Concordat. Quod testor. Theod. Cremer . Se~ty. Whereupon b~ing deliberated , l-heir Ho. Mo . hav<.. thanked th~ s id gentlemen of GelderlanJt for the openin6 done . The Gtmtlemen of Vrieslandt have, wit h reference to the above consents , relating to the WIC. declared to confirm th:i!' pI' vious notifications on the subject of the same, .nany tim",s done . ",7th June 1657. Is r d at the ssembly a certain i\lmeorandum fro n t.he Directors of tho:; WIC , reQu~3tin.:, that :;heir Ho. ,Jo. \".ill nomina~e some of themselves to attenj , here in 7he Hague, the proceedings (b~soignes) of th~ same} Company . Upon which, )';(r Huygens an i other deputies welle apI'oint~d. 4. 1657. 30th June 1657. Being c o~nunicated at the Assembly a certain advice from the Castle DEL MINA, dd. lOth February (n.o.r.) last, is, after deliberation, resolved to request the deputies of the respective ~rovinc~s in their Ho. Mo.s' Assembly, that they will use every endeavour with their Principals that their quotas in the 60,000 guld. consent- ed to for the security of the aforesaid Castle may be furnished as quickly as possible at the office of the Receiver General Doubleth. The Deputies of Vrieslandt inhereren their previous notification conce "ning the WIC. 10th July 1657. Messrs Huygens and other Deputies for the affairs of the WIC. hav~ reported that all the proceedings(besoignes) of the la st Assembly of t he XIX held at Amsterdam, were gone over (geresumeerd) her in The Hague, by the Direators of the ~ espective Chambers, in their presence, and that their Honours had no considerations to bring in agait~nst them. Whereupon resolved to approve the afore said =- proceedings. 'The Deput ies 45f Vriesland have gQJ"Mfl,9 t their former declarations made in the matter of the WIC. 24th October 1657. Is heard the report of Messrs Schoock and other their Ho. Mo.s' deputies for -ehe affairs of the WIC., having', i.a.w. t heir resolution of 19th inst., inspected and ex- amined the Points delivered in by the deputed Directors of the aforesaid WLC. Is resolved that shall be renewed thdir Ho. Mo. s' Placades of the 24th May 1624 and 14th June 1632, issued against the inhabitants of these l a nds 'who resort to the equipping at and to the trading plE. o "':< A. Corps d~ garde . b . Lodging , Corporal . nNote . On 17th February 16~2, the c . Adelboorsten . Caboseros ofAXEM abjured the d . Schlldergasten . Spanish, &nd betook themselve s e . Barbier . under the a uthority (gebiet) of f . Constabel. their Ho . Mo . & the W. I . C. g . ColIlbuys . Ruychaver was then General the 'e. h . Packhuys Sayen . j . Packhuys. k . Llr e lodging . L. t 0 steps . Ill. In r g ... te . n. 6ut er bate . 1657. 19. "Extract from the letter from th~ ~iPT General, Jan van Valcken- burgh wDitten from DEL MINA the 13th j uly 1657, to the Assembly of the XIX, sent by th2 ship "Graaf Enno", arrived the (sic) November. II (No.65.) Has come to a complete agreement with the ZABOU King about the Hill CONG, and is making a house suitable for def8nce from the Fort Nassauw. Has had the flag and three pieces of cannon placed on the hill. Is at peace with all natives, which has not been seen for lon~ years. The ZABOUS and FANTYNS are at war, and six hundred men of the FANTYNS have been slain; about which the FANTYNS wish to take r evenge, and threaten "hen the ZABOUS are overcome, de Sweetse Engelse aan CORMANTYN "wi llen" (sic). Which war does not hinder trade, but inde ed the obtaining of water and firewood. The trade is done by the ACANISTS, who being friends with ZABOU and also with FANTYN, there is therefore a free pas..>age throught to our factories on both the beach8s. The trade has been somewhat hindered by the misunder- standings of the ACANISTS and the FANTYNS, but they have been set tIed, so that the trade Jis now be.::oming brisk again. Viill always keep peace with the ACANISTS, and had thought that the trade would have been better in the month of March, dan de English slave traders die haare (hadde?) coop niet sullen b~dancken, have hindered the trade ~en (d n?) oorloch vaer(?) in het lanc oetweeB the ACCANISTS and TUYFERS dat~ met eenC?) can versien belet mede den handel. 'ends the account of the receipts ••. which, notwith- standing the wars in the country, has been as good as th8 receipts of the year before. At ACRAA there has been especially bad trade through th8 war of AGUANASE, who have laid waste the whole country of ACRAA and laid it in ashes. The Blacks have a custom thnt they must win or lose twice in succession ere they make peace . That war causes a decline in the trade of Lywaeten, ~her b r quite 250 marksjhas been lost. gold 20. 1657. The trade at BIEMBA and BaRCU would have improved but for an unfaithful Factor who has bwen punished over it, and let anGther take charge of the trade. (They) request that a Lodge be built, but that has been left alone, because of the English, as the trade can well be done with the yacht "Zeepaert". The trade at CABO APOLONIA and INGUIRA begins to go well. At AXEM the trade is slack, also at BOUTRY, which places we seek to visit for the advancement of the buildings and in order to dispose the INGUIRAS to allow passage to those of BASSIA (Raffia?) in order to trade with us, as that District is situate close to our Lodge and is the r~chest in gold. They promise much but do not fulfil it. The Lodge lies four d~journey from the seaside, and is now surrounded by a good village of the Company's vassals at AXE~, whom we have gradually persuaded to go and live there. At BOUTRY, we hope to have the fort soon ready, where many inhabitants from DELMINA are going to ±i¥e dwell, so that then we are without fear for anyone who should wish to prevent us the way to AXEM. To pass now from DE4~INA to ABINE is varlich(?) too long. Thirty to Forty English are in the Bight to trade, who sail along the Tusk Coast and trade there. Requests a good Fiscal in order to check the smuggling as much as possible ~ althoug,h that is already somewhat decreasing ~:Rgellffi 1,. Lives with the English in good friendship, but meet each other (eemefi bij) little. They have pro forma pro- tested that we are building on the Hill CONG, They say the Hill belongs to them, as they had previously bought it from the King, which is ridiculous as it lies a cannon shot from our Fort Nassau. Probably they would rather see it occupied by us than b~r the DANES. With the SWEDES are outwardly in good friendship. Taey complain about their bad trade. The Governor died in May. Have in 16 months Re~ traded geen 800 marks gold. The English East-Indiamen, in sixteen months, not in- cluding the Bight trade, have traded over 1,850 marks gold at CABO CORSo One knows that they gave their goods at what thay cost and receive bad gold. The pestilence is now an thB¢leeward e~ Quarters, as Mouree and ADJA and aen the inhabitants of the country, es- pecially at CORMANTYN. 1657. 21. Complains he has no competent servants as they and others have died and many are incompetent. Requests that good Factors and former Factors may be sent. The Fort Nassauw, built with little knowledge, has fallen in, through the hea~y rains. They are working hard to repair it. On the 7th of this month(JulY) arrived at CABO CORS the SWEDISH ship named "stockholm Slot!!, coming from the Elve , which will be damaging to our trade. Had it d8l~yed somewhat longer great changes would have been caused to the Swedes. Through mortality of their man they were already about to ~8tQQg~Q alt abandon ANNEMABO. The ships come so badly provided with victuals that, at their departure,they have to take much back again. Better arrangements must be made about this. Doubts not that he will obtain men and ammmnition, as he has need of them and is threatened "hart & vast!! by the Portuguese. '- 22. 1657 Deduction of Johan Val~enburgh, Director General over the North Coast of Africa, upon the Reply served upon him by,and on behalf of t-ae !vIr Johan Philip Kruysenstern, Commandant of the Swedish African Company in GUINEA on the 16th September 1656: wherety is completely shown and proved the justification of the sa id Director Generals' conclusion which, by way of rejoinder (duplieck) he caused to be delivered to the said Mr Swedish Commandant on the 18th ditto: from which, then, is also abundantly demonstrated the right of the lion. Company to the places posses sed by the SWEDES. Like as the same was dispatched to the Assembly of the XIX on the 1st January 1657, per the ship "Koninck Salamon". (Versp.WI.stukken, l162,pp.322-388. Copy also in WIC.116,fol.782) , Considering that we are not in the least bound to give I>c.k~.( any account to anyone ~aie.e our Lords and illasters, we have not therefore been willing to dispute with the SWEDISH Commandant over such matters, but considered it sufficient so to make rejoinder to his reply as appears from the In- strument of the 18th Sept ember {1656) • Still, in order to show that therein ape no matters are alleged contrary to equity, much less that the one thing or the other has been passed over with short replies through lack of good argu- ments &pe~"), therefore, in accordance with our bounden duty and obligation, we have not been able to neglect to show to my Lords and Masters their rights, and to maintain t he same, and cannot omit to put upon paper something fur- ther for the refutation of the Commandant's unfounded contentions ~lOOil1!oeAiia'). And although the manner,whethcr good or evil, 1;.ae-~ep.1;.t:tg.QS5e in which the t'ortuguese, as first owners of this Coast, have got possession of it, does not prejudice the right, as they were indisputedly deprived • of the same by us, in good warfare; yet however, I consider ~"""'\it not unnecessary, in order top'~ !!M~eeeI en" everyone ef. i "the foundation of our lawful possession, which is better than others, shortly to bring together this lit t le of its origin, namely:- That more than 170 year s ago, under the government of Don Juan the Second, King of Portugal, the Coa st of Africa and Guinea, being discovered from that ~ingdom,and by the 1657. 23. said King's command: like as is to be l earnt from the Histories, and from the natives of the country, that the Portuguese nation by good (but not by violent) means, par~y for their "eff ecten" and partly in order to protect the inhabitants who could scarcely exist against the vi~ence of their neighbours, have at that time got possession og the place D'ELMINA; purchasing froill the lawful proprietors and Lords thereof, and satisfying them with good money for all tenths or tolls which they were raising to the charge of their community: nmt at the desire of the Portuguese but at the aforesaid Lords' own request and offer made. For which voluntary submission the same King Don Juan promised, as was also performed by his successors, numerous liberties, unnec- essary to describe here, as they are not disputed by us, although they, as~ well as the Portuguese themselves, were absolutely conquered, without any conditions, in good warfare . In just the same manner they, the Portuguese, got possession ofAXEM, from where the jurisdiction was ex- tended into divers Districts which, together , were named AXEM; but each, in particular, beginning from the West, are named, JUMORE, ABRIPI QmEM , COBRE, QUITRY, B06RECU, ENCASSAR, HIGH ANTA, and AXEM: our Fortress being situ- ated in the latter. Which place, being possessed ~~~i~' by the Portuguese, and trade beginning to flourish, in property, riches and wealth, above their neighbours and becoming more Tl eminentlf than others, they - partly because the am&±± comprehension of their juris- diction bec~me too narrow and otherwise, and partly in ord~r the more and entir~ly to secure the Guinea trade I'or themselves fyp1;.aslL - were obliged to extend them- s~lves further: for that purpose establishing divers populations along the Coast, and particularly likewi\se (of which it will be necessary to speak in this) at BOUTRY also : placing themselves in such manner every- where, indisputabl)Sy in lull posees" ion (~) of the entire Coast: of which they have let themselves be de- prived by neither friends nor allies, of which there are no instances. But it is well known to all the world that after the rortuguese have come under the Crown of Castille, and through the change of their -'-'Ord, having fallen into hostiltty with our State, our Nation there has first v~ntured, in good warfare, to dispossess them of thuir possession here in this country; employing for that purpose such means and might tr.a • a ly, after many years, not without great and incalculable expenee, ~ 24. 1657. the1 gloriously came into the complete possession of everything. Raving obtained those so dearly-bought conquests from their enemies, and maintained ~pem against the same, indeed sufficiently prmves the well-a«quired title by which we, on our side, have the r~5ht over the whole trade of the entire Coast of Guinea;~'and that we, with reason, are justly :i:ai!eP-llleEi- empowered (without any infraction of friendship) to oppese ourselves agaiBBt all those who should undertake to disturb or to trouble us in our so lawful and cherished conquests. (Boutry) It has also been very far from it, that those who desire to bear the name of friends$, have e~er disputed such with us; but it is well known how that some years ago, many suborned and brmbed men, with sinister and base practices, out of an evilly-disposed affection towards their Fatherland in general and the Company in particular, by Co~~iasions from various Kings and Potent- ates (which they have been able wrongly to procure for that purpose, by indirect ways and means) have presu~ed to ~o such: especially by those who now give themselves gut to be SWEDISH authorities, and who, according to the Swedish Commandant, begin or originate with Hendrik CABRLOFF, late Fiscal in the service of our Hon. Company, who, because of his great infidelity and base ingratitude, is unworthy to be thought of here; the which, howe"\(er", in order to refute the SWEDES' pretended possession at BOUTRY, we cannot pass by, as the Swedish Commandant l;epresents that that was obtained for the Swedish Company by the same CAERLOFF in the year 1650, so that that Com- mandant is not a lit t l e surprised that We do not know of such their lawful pessession by the hoisting of the Royal Flag. To . which we can say nothing more than that we have never seen such, and have heard still less about it, 'although we have often been there ourselves; so that it can well have been that such a flag was kept locked up by them in a. case or box and hoisted in the dark, but not by moonlight, for ot r1srwise some one would have been able to hear something about it, of which now no one is able to speak. Still, in order to discover the truth of this matter, and that the flag was not kept in in vain, attent- ion has therefore to be paid to what is stated in the Swedish reply , vizt:- that the late Fiscal CAERLOFt not ea±y only built a Lo~ge there, but also supplied it with sUit- able men and goods; without absonutely or expressly making mention (~e o8pm888ft) of any purchase made. The which, tr~ly and in fact, was done by no other means than that 1657. 25. the aforenamed CAERLOFF, having parted from {geHefiieae (.gesCQQie.l::li aU) the service of the Company some months before, having commanded at AXEM, under which those of HIGH ANTA and the District of BOUTRY likewise belong, without disclosing himself (so as to cause to appear that he was accused of the wrong of inf~delity), the inhabi- tants thinking him to be the same a , he had been some time previously rather than ~fie-mas~ as the most faithless deceiver who ever was seen, he has shamefully deceived and misled them; who, thinking to rec eive their rightful Lord, have got (~R&6:1d:) an adroit "landroover", who, iRaeea indeed had been wiser than to triumph much with flags there: and a victory or possession obtained in that man- ner is also entirely unworthy of such. Likewise also is ~w..a. lun~hY that aft8rwards that p~ace was quietly occupied (~~~efl) by them for three years long; for, at once, reproaches and threats of punishments were made about it to the inhabitants,our vassals, who,by th~ir prayers,and the decparation that that they had been misled by tha before-mentioned falsehood with promises to remedy the same with the departure~ of those who were staying at that place, have satisfied us so long, through the fia~~piBg rOplving di sturbances of the war, as that the SWEDES, living among the inhabitants besides others, did no~ venture upon anything t hat was injurious to our right: but that we, after the time that t hey first gave out that they would build a fortification there, would not have been prepared to prevent the same ncr to hinder them such through the inhabitants, our subjects, appears from thdr own reply, "That finally in the year 1653, in January, thDDugh the war of the inhabutants waged with ~he INCASSERSE the village of BOUTRY and their adjoining (bijstaande) Lodge had been burnt down, whereby they have had, indeed, to abanddm the Fler±ee: place, but mot the ~ right they had to it"tL~ is a very unfounded con- ~ tention (:~s:~:::),~;::1~!, t~aP&ae~~a-Fl±eree-~ae j,;g, 9l"iiep -- ----- L ____ -- t -- 'iI'P8fi@!oor :!:-~ \;RQ ~'8Q ~r ~14.C(40:.·: ::1. t.ft;c o~hf:lp lIlB:fl~, W"±n h8;t e8111e \ioRiilft81y hereafter in - this. .!eantime , we shall with truth declare this,..- as the Factor Jan Foullon also ought ta, Be _ ber wall i¥fK~ /. (~g,1i8k~) wel1r- that when, being present along with me at the Cownandant MIVILLA, he heard the latter say that he had abandoned BOUTRY because he die. not want it and it was ~&±~eleea useless to him, having betaken himself instea.d to TACCORARY, which he found better situated for his conv~nience: desiring at that time, out of shame, &14W", as ... ell knowing his wrong (about their staying in ~ha.t place), by such pretence of reason to gi~e a 26. 1657. colour e.'&BP/to it, as if he had departed from BOUTRY oT his o~n free will, which, however, dmd not happen except, indeed, through open violence, after we had had the Swedish Factor residing there warned about it two days before. Therefore we have good reason to be surprised why they, at that time, being placed in that pomition, (if wrong had been done to them) have never made the least complaint; and, on the contrary, the Swedish Commandant is now raising this matter so seriously. We say, indeed, that if they had not intended truly and in fact to abandon the place, it was then imprudent to bring (voeren) such reasons about it; and we consider it still stranger that they have never before desired, a second time, to enter upon or take possession of (without (sic) previlously havamg been so much re~uested and begged thereto) BOUTRY, after lying vacant for three years; their right to which, accord- ing to their contention, had not, however, been lost: like as the reply states that all the ~aiR manifold sollici- tations of the inhabitants had first to be made in order to persuade them to it - apparently because they ape-f weee afraid of the resentment from us again over such an • unneighbourly action. But besides all this, it is very """~".(";iWFElP~.iBen'"also to a±±ege wis.h to allege that one would not desire to lose that which one has abandoned through force and is not powerful enough to maintain. Likewise, it is also very absurd that they should have retreated out of a ~±aee that place because of the internal disturb- ances of the inhabitants which did not in any way coneern them, and which ought not to have been done: like as the Commandant is admitting the mistake of his predecessor, therapy also, indeed, expressly causing to appear the doubt which he himself has had of his right to that place, l\CAf.~as he ftrs:t had~PQPo~m§.de to nilIl .fromtheCaptain and · ~Caboseres, upon which in order to build a Lodge there, he . left an Under-Factor, a soldier, and a carpenter with ~ighteen slaves, had the Royal ~aRaaP4 Swedish flag flown and again took his old possession again: although no Hollanders (who, however, are not blind),after their landing, Reitaep have netth~ seen nor spoken to any SWEEES there, much less have haard anything about them, but the Command- ant's ridiculous protest of violence. We will, however, not deny that upon our arrival, after previous question, we received report that tw-e two Whites were 10dgeeS with an inhabitant BARMEN, of SACONDE. If, now, one can base a right of possession upon this, then, indeed, they, the SWEDES, will consequently have to e'\lacuate and hand over 1657 . 27. to us not only this, but other places also, which indeed so lawfull¥ belong to us on other and better grounds of right (regt) ,as has 'pee~l'eI!rl'ly pointed out herebefore in the beginning.~e also absolutely deny~, and say it is untrue that w~ have heard, much less seen, nor has it been reported to us, that the SWEDISH flag has ever flown at BOUTRY, or that it was ever done after our la3t landing there; as it ought to have done in order thereby to cop- robate their pr~tended right and possession. And this can abundantly appear from the Attestation, A., A. which clearly demomstrates that we have always been acknowledged as lawful owners and possessors there from olden times, and been receiv ed and honoured as such, and al10wed to dispose of our own, as was be- coming; they outwardly expressing displeasure about it, but yet have been secretly glad, and well sati£fied to . escape without injury; whereas they, like as the t\iae±4:ty .... ..4j infidelity of their unneighbourly act deserves, had indeed ~i~« ~ promised themselves another decompense. That the Command-~ ant cannot see from it that the same inhabitants, who six • years ago as free people sold their Tlland" to them and it ' was peaceably and without opposition posses,eed(@see't!cn) by him, should now be vassals of the W.I.C :X-'I';tliptm?nWe ""i~ te~8Hl8iO em da t g~nglig dlli tot h.UlP Ii ~ dlilil: leggeR il:n gllilliliftti!!jseid sie*, ~aalne ee~p1jpcilTl; otherwise w it ~ known publicly and to all the world thqt BOurRY has from olden times oelonged ('8'8ii~tee!tt~ under our Fortress of AXEM; the inhabitants thereof are for the most part natives of D'ELMINA, .2Y§£. whom is due to ~ alone, !2x virtue of our office, to appoint T3~ele~ ~ Captain ~ Headman (Hoofdman), like ~s the Commandant in his rejoinder(~plt~) is pleased neither to :1:spute nor to refute, although such was pointed out to him in our reply. Likewise w~ also indd ~ain expressly deny their quiet possession, and \ ~ especially tha~ tbeinhabitants should have sold their land six .ears ago; a~ we say that the same was taken from them only deceitfully and with infidelity, without those inhabitants haying ever had the liberty to sell to others what belonged to us; as little as that they, the SWEDES, by virtue of their pretended purchase will now ever allege that W8 'Iould not be empowered to do anything whereby the natives were in any respect deprived of or prejudiced in their ±iaep~y freedom, which we frOID olden times, un Istill always I are bound to prot ct for them: like as such was also done from our side - after the flight (. ) of the SWEDES from BOurRY, vihen they were s~amefully deserted and given au a prey by them, ~ithout , having complained about it - in this lE::.st war, when by ,. ............ .. ' t\ ~~ ' . ~ .. ~-~ t ~:,.·~ .~ ~ .... ~ .. ~"'- .... ~ , ~...,. 28. 1657. our force we caused them again to take possession of their country, which had been conqu..::red by others, and to restore them into it, ~ As they themselves and all the world will testify that the""", on that account, before, and not just six years ago, but since very olden times, have stood under the fortress ofAXEM, which was capable of protecting them and of maintaining them against their enemies, without it being considered necessary to fortify BOUTRY, which would not have been done yet but for the contention of these embittered men, who gave themselves out to be SWEDES, who ought to be our friends, but do not show themselves to be such by depriving us of the possession of our undoubted right by bribing our vassals, giving out that we cannot say we pessess any place without fortifying it; in this manner availing them- selves of the infidelity of the natives to withdraw them- selves from their good friends and allies, in a worse man- ner than enemies. That also those two battles fought one after the other should not prejudice the Swedish African Company, which battles, also, must have been kept very quiet as not much had been heard about them, and one could. not J- on that ground, depiive them of the right they possessed, sti~less if the one or other of the BOUTRYS was l,ndebted tJ) the j'i.I~C. on account of the help given against ~~e INCASSARSE, that the Swedish Company is mot bound to pay for such with its purchased land nor, on that account, to lose its lawful possession.{o that we say,.. about the battles fought,.. that they did not happen so quietly as the Commandant supposes or scornfully expresses~ li!ie6~ ws;i,QS sis !3PQQQOOSSElPj Mit MIVILtl"j wElahi k.a mw br,;m; to ~lr. " .. t1;;QP, g,;i,Q flom oo}r wol 8,,"'agt 800ft 66ft ei69P },Q;j;6 Gee! van eo l.oiMtt!fttteIl ~ede1ii{et\" aM. ~ will also beg the . ComJllanda~t to believe, and we gladly admit it, tru:-t altho , .~. c. tf~ t boast, like the seconal Amadis ~l~le ('?), of k lng much ~ people in unchristian dulheijt, have, howeve , ever been ashamed, in hunne diensten, upon every 0 sian, although it is disputed b~ others with the pe un buyten der stilte en wel openbaarlijk te pre teeren, that those battles, supposedly fought on e quiet, whereby we regained the ANTENARS their ountry and restored them into it, when the SWEDES dese lng them had basely run away out of it, derselver regt elke onrechtvaardig sustinere, niet . • Thereout one can see kBew how base- lessly they proceed as desiring, to all appearance, to con- tend that we must restore to them that which they themselves have not been avle to maintain, so that it is, then, also toe unnecessary to deprive them of their right to that which, • .J !.;= _ ~ I;' ~." ~ "'.--, ,tit. • '. ..R' .. i ~ ~~~c~ , ~.~~-~~~~~ P--- ........ .. ft .. It. ..." - ..sf.~;:!JL , ~ . I"i . , • '''-' ., -~ .... r. ~ , ~ ~ S~ . .,~ ~ • ---1IWi ~ tIIItI- i ."., ~J"'cI:s ""' .... ~ cfe.k ~,.. ~ M" ~ lac. ~~c,uI.. 1657. 29. th~y had already previously deserted and abandoned thro~ coercion of the war, as they themselves admit, to the dis- posal of another to whom the natives of the country had surr~ndered (vergegeven); who, indeed, have thereby, in- disputably, obtained the liberty to ass i st them with such means as best served for their protection; which no one with any juis.t .,ri.g ht and reason will be able to refute or denY.8P Much less is it provable that they were driven out of their pretended lawful possession1~Z us, con- sidering the lawful causes which we had for it, ~ can clearly be traced from the fact that the commanJant, for ~La_~hat reason, which is the most serious of all, giv~s not ;"-'--~dle leastl~ in what manner that was done; whereas bl the Atrestation, herebefore referred to, it is suffici- ently proved that we have not heard of any Swedes, nor seen any signs of them, much less had committed any vio- lence against them, either b)l us or by compulsion of the inhabntant~ which wa, indeed, expressly deny and say is untrue. ~-th v comtrary also sufficiently appears in the Conwandant's rejoinder (replicg) where he states that, if hE: had not abandoned ("8plQ"i~n:t) his l awful possession, but had desired to treat the inhabitants with gifts and presents, as was done on our side (and they can be proved) one would not have got them away from there; whereby he seeks no~ othervdse than to cover Jilp his own neglected (onbedagte) duty and damage; now wishing to impute to us and lay to our charge that which must be imputed(verhaald) to himself, for whether he himself did abandon his la~ful possession, as he did &ge~~ abandon BOUTROU upon our arr- ival, we R&¥e-~e-&ll-iB~ leave to all inteligent people to judge; the more so, as his Fiscal, according to the formally "insinuat ed" account of what passed at SOurRY, that it was undeniably (as having truly occarred in that manner) undertaken by them in the pres ence of the Head- chiefs (Opperhoodde) of ANTA, and we requested that we would ask them if they desired that i\e should depart, to which we were immediately ready, if they ordered it: to which reasonable offer the Fiscal replied that such was unnecessary, as they/themselves wished to depart and did not dE:sire to remain there. That, indeed, was no confi- dence of right, nor any violent proceedings,on our part, vhich was not done to them, either, by any of the inhabi- tants, as abundant~ appears from the letter from B. one of their Sub-factors, hereto annexed under B. br which the aforesaid is clearly shown. If any damage w s caused to the Swedish African Company, on tre abandonment of BOUTRY, they must re~uire the reparation of it, not from us, but from their own Co~andant who, by i""l. M'~Q... .f ;iet;loell~, would ~'lsh to push his o\'ffi culpability .,._~ 30. 1657. on to another's neck; whereas, if he were confident of his right, he ought not, for weal or woe, to have retreat- ed; but, in order to maintain his possesion under the Royal Swedish Flag, he ought to have awaited~ any force whivh anyone might have wished to employ in order to dispossess him. This not being done, is no peoof of the confidence, but, indee~ 7 of the mistrust .. o,f . the law- fulness of his claimed possession at BOUTRY; which place the Co~by has made his own, already long ago, not by any purchase;' but b ~ its victorious arms, so that it is now falsely accused and charged that it acquired it by gifts and presents. But it can be proved that ..!;Ee Commandant UIItl. .....1 fi has, with gifts, presents, and threats, sought to divert ~-­ such our State's vassals, as has appeared from the account of all his negotiations, ad from the dispute upon his de- parture from BOUTRY, when they have sought secretly to obtain again from some corrupted men whom they had secretly incited, with the hope of good success, in s~_ba~e and evil matteBS; at that time threatening the good ana the loyal with fire and s word, _~whiSh the Fiscal, according to his own satement, knew the"remedy"; having indeed killed so many men alone that they could load an entire canoe with the heads of them - in truth no honour to fill any empty cases with them, which we by no means envy him. But, meantime, whethee hereby now the Swedes' sinister action is not proved, and it does not fully appear that tRey they, as treacher ous neighbours, contrary to the usage of friends, have desired to deprive us of that place, we leave to all unbiassed persons to judge, being confident that no such mistaken men will be found who would contend snd refute that this their action, as being a secret vio- lence exceeding in wickedness open hostility,should not be publicly prevented by force, in order to maintain our own. What, now, the Commandant further brings forward, when he says he will be silent about the intention we have had in mind with TACCORARY, that one has desired Taccorary. by gifts and presents, according to the inha- bitants'own statements, to have them out of their lawful possession. This we should not desire to den~, ±~~e if it were true; ~ as now also we may well assert that if we can, either by force or by some Accord, again bring the TACCORARIES to obedience who, for some t~~e-~ae~ consideeable time past, through the inspiration of others especially the Swedes, have rebelled against us, we shall not neglect it; for the great Monarchs themselves are accustomed to do so with their rebels, and therefore 1657. 31. this cannot be reckoned as any injury from us, for TACCORARY, .beiX4g- .. s:ij;uated under Lower or Nether ANTA, has from olden times b ~longed under the Fort at CHAMA; but a s the Swedish €~ant has been pleased to eall those of BOUTRY free.. pe.Gfl-l€; we w-Hl--therefore shortly ask whether those of TACCORARY are of another condition, and why we might not trade (handelen) with them as freely as they have don a with those of BOUTROU, ACRA, and others, and why the condition of a Netherlander, on this point, is worse and more contemptible than that of the SWEDES ; by whom so much insult and injury has been done to us, that if but a tenth part of it had been saused to them, we should already long ago have perceived other "resente- ment" from them about it, than our good tolerance, in the hope of some friendly agreement; which also, by no means involves that the friendship of the SWEDES with us would notthereby be broken, as we have not said in vain nor brought forward in mistrust; ~ as the Commandant would liKe to contend that we ourselves are doubtful about it, since we put questions to him as itl desiring his opinion about it; the which, however, would be unnecessary a s)5 rlU __. ... _ there are such sufficient reasons as are expressed. in our w-~ .1 reply and will , perhaps, hereafter be pointed out in more detail herein. About which we , upon his expostulation that the friendShip had been broken by us, have had good reasons to ask what friendship this might be which he meant , as we have never found any sign of it from their side , but indeed the effects of their bitterness upon many and every sort of occasion. Therefore, as then, still now, we cannot refrain from asking whether one can break a friendshhp when there has never been any, unless one desires to call it friendship to take possession , by incredible and sin1ster means, of the Hon W.I.C.'s dearly bought and eonquered lands and to deprive it of them by means of making the vassals into traitors and rebels, with money : to which scandalous action, which is much too abominable for those whof desire to bear the name of friends, the Commandant would now like to give a colour and false pretext, as though they had e:ea-l,& traded JoI'itir (gehandeld) with free people, who had never been subject to anyone , and thus baselessly sustained that the neigh- bourly fr~endship had not been broken by the supposed lawful purchase and obtained possession Cabo Cors. of CABO CORS, .ANW'clIABOE, and ACRA; which A"iiile milb'Oe • can be sufficiently shown, ith good and Acra. well founded written documents, and, in- deed as if we could not prove with betcer evidence, that CABO CORS, in the year 1638 32. 1657. in the month of August was ceded (opgedragen) and sold to us by the King of FUTTU: as also with ANNEMABOE, on the last day of March 1624, was doneJ:i'9P(JTQQII~ the Braffo of FANTYN, AMERO: as also on the 30th August 1642, the beach of the ACCRAS territory ~ebimi) was ~1anded over to us in ownership Ein 8i~8HEl81!1 8U2 .. g~g~3Uel't) by OUSY, King of ACRA, for that which was received for his contentment. What unbiassed person will be able to say otherwise than that those who, by wicked and sinister practiees, seek, in such a way, to deprive us of our well-acquired right, if they are friends, break the friensship thereby?; the more so, as all these things happened ere the SWEDES were thought of here in these Quarters. Whether, now, these people - who had Hew so long before been united and allied with us - have had the liberty to sell again to others that which &8±8H did not belong to them, but was our own, having once sold the same to us, this,I am confidant, no right minded man will sustain. Much less will anyone dare to hola that the SWEDES should be per- mitted to enter into the possession of ~a8 such our places; the more so, as they have not been ignorant about it, having had knowledge of it through the most ungrate- ful m...ell who could be found among thousands, through his former service, whom they drew to themselves, and let their friends and allies be deprived thereof. And still daily abusing and mocking them about it, as indeed appears from the Commandant's own converstaion at ANNEMABOE, who now, by a distortion of words and vain and useless excuses, would like to interpret it oth~wise: whereas, neverthe- less, a person of his e8HEl~~~eH aHe position and condition cannot, without shame, "in den 118.ls halen" his once spoken words, but ought, rather, as becomes an honest and good nobleman, to stand by and defend them, without pallia- tion and equivocation, without such a prolix defence which sufficiently convicts of his guilt of making so many frivcblous "invloeyen", and, namely, that we had not been driven away from CABO CORS by them, but had ourselves broken up our Lodge: and that the place has never lawfully belonged to us, but we were allowed to swell there by favour of the inhabitants, and Rae it had been brought,~e unconstrained, to them by lawful purchase. It Bas is, indeed, true that we were not deprived of CABO CORS by any force of arms, but it may not be denied that what they call a lawful purchase was that they incited the natives, not- withstanding the alliance they had with us, and corrupted them with uncommon gifts to deprive onr Honourable Company of its right¢ and to place them in it and to maintain them therein; at least during the time for which it lasts, which will not be longer than it shall pleae¢ God in Ha~en, who 1657. 33. has no pleaseure in such deceitful and faithless actions, to punish it and to disturb them in such their unlawful possession and turn such deceivers out of it again~ who now represent that we have only occupied '~9SQQtgB) the place by favour of the inhabitants. To which we cannot refrain from saying to the Commandant thgt if he wil l rather rely upon (vertrouwe~ op) his good right, as he untruthfully ~epresents he has done at BOUTRY, and does not seek to keep to himself the favour of the natives, by gifts and presents, we would well assure him that this CABO CORSE corrupted people, who have been bribed by him, will indeed quickly turn away from him their favour, by which he pess~sses the same, and turn back to their proper shfeps' fold, and turm him out of there, notwith- standing the reliance upon his lawful possession, to which they will by no means return, even should they be requested tp lee do so. Whether, indeed, the Commandant will still hold as friends those who would depose him in such a manner, we would be glad to know; and although we are confmdent he would not, then such ought not to have been done to us. Now if that is being done to us, then it cannot be denied that the peace has thereby been broken, unless the Commandant would like to allege that such occupation (occupatie) of CABO CaRS has been per- missible to them because he has found as no occupation (~88Qtt1R~ of ours there. To which we may reasonably ask whether , then, no one can say that any place is his own, but that which he has occupied (beset) with Forts or fortifications, ~lthough he has hought it previously as his property? and also whether it is not 5aff1e1ea~-~f. a sufficiemt occupation (ti9sQtti~S) to have two'~con­ siderable fortressess at a distance of three hours walk, as st. George dlel Mina and Nassouw , between both of which CABO CaRS is situated?; for everyone will j~ge it to be an impossible and unreasona~le matter, that one could have no lawful possession without fortifying the entire beach. However, we now give the Commandant his chioce of the two; either he holds that we ought to hE-ve done this in ord~r to maintain our possession; or that we might exist without it. For if it is allowe~ that the OQe~~ati~of it is unnecessary, why then is it taken (besettenj away from us? And if the occupation (~) ought to have continued , whY then have they, abandoning BOUTRY, stirred up so Inuch mud against us (-eree ""eel II"ftt;ep t;egen 0115 9 tx±'l IS-9wiwk~, and desire to place us in a worse position and degree than they themselves would like to be? U If "e 34. 1657. are occupying BOUTRY wrongly, what right have they to hold CABO CORS; and if their possession (ees~) there is lawful, what do they sustain about BOUTRY? Have we not also found it abandoned?, besides that it belonged to us in ownership, and thus had reason to make ourselves masters of it. Or does the Commandant think thet we, according to his lecture, hav\ing the power will remain foolish and frivmlous and l et ourselves be more and more deposed? It is true that that this has happened before, but tBa~-BaS- others also, more powerful than our Hon. Company, even the greatest Monarchs, "om beters wille" or through lack of power or other reasons, have had to suffer it and to surrender their right for a time - examples of this are not wanting in al l old and new histories - but that an~ one should thereby lose his right, is contrary to reason and nature: and that we now, through lack of power, not foolishly or frivilosly but through themr superior force, have thus had to suffer their usurpation of CABO CORS, this is well known to all the world who have been spectators of it. But what folly has pe~suaded the Commandant to abandon BOUTRY, where no one of his people had yet been int~fered with, but who, according to the evidence annexed hereto, were very much begged by the in- habitants to remain there1 This we could with right and reason ask, to his reproach, which, however, we will not do, but leave it to be done by the Swedish African_Company, which has reason to resent his ill-considered and unwise action; especially also the frivolous ANNEMABOB conversa- tion, which the Commandant'; however , thinks cannot pre- ~J~dice; which, however, by his diffuse defence, appears to ·~e contrary, as he, if_he thought it was without prejudice, ought to nave let pass unanswered; we~ being assured that such words by an authorised Commander must be held to be as prejudicial to his Masters' rights, as they are useless and ~aeeese&Py-~e unservicable to nourish friendship between neighbours and allies, among whom, as an evil and unmannerly way of doing,~~a~s,i~ can conceive and bring forth a bitter- ness of heart, and estrangement of feelings. It weee better, therefore, to control such venemoDs tongues which a re so insulting to their neighbours, and to keep silent, rather than to make protocols and attestations about i'l;. That, also, it would have been no small cause of the rupturetbbhough the Swedish purchase of Jumore. the coun~ry ("land") of JUMORE, and we, as he represents, could not prove to the Com- mandan.~s predecessors that they have deprived our State 1657 . 35. of, and drawn to themselves our Han. Company's sworn soldier and Headman (Hoofdman) , by gifts and presents. But this, nevertheless, is to be spid, that if anyone suggests to some one to deprive adbther, whom he calls friend, of anything, and appropriates the same to himself for gold, in order to profit by ;t, and desires to sus- tain that he thereby shows no disservice to his friend, as not he, but another, had d::prived him of his property, as they have done at JUMORE, by MENA , the proverb says "Were there no owner, there were no thief" MImA. ("was er geen heelder, dan was geen steelder"): "Dies tegen sulks kwaadwillige menschen, who think they are at liberty "van ' tgeene zij door andere doen in regten uitvoeren na pee~ea rechten wijselijk en seer weI is voorsien: gelijk daervan bij de regtsgeleerde is na te gaeo": and from the evidence hereqith under C. is to be seen ~Re our undoubted right to the c. lands of J IDMORE, namely that all inhabitants thereof are vassals of our state, and the beach of their country is our Hon. Company's own property ~), which, witheut committing the crime of rebellion, they may not sell pO another; much less may anyone, who like the Swedish nation desires to be our friend, take possession of the same without breach of the friendship. At least, no one will be able to say otherwise than that we may remedy such innidelity, as a thing of secret vio- lence,~~ for the recovery of our own prcperty, publicly by force of arms, or may seek to obtain it back again in other ways, by friendly agreement and negotiation, although the Commandant would like to deny us both. But no one who has knowledge of matters would dare , without b¥Suhing, to defend such a place as JUMORE, the more so as, if vassals, otherwise, are bound to th~ir Lords, the aforesaid JUMQRES have special reasons to remain obedient, having regard to the faithful protection which has always been shown to them, and,especially, when they were restored again to th~ir country,-out of which they had been driven by the ABOUMASES - by the Portuguese,G hose right was ac- quired by us in good warfar.e;J at the time of the Governor Franciscdl~ ~ Soto, Major;!"with the men of de Mina and Axem. That the Commandant should also think the godless corruption wbich his predecessors carried out with AlENA, our sworn soldier and Headman, to be unprovable, the contrary will appear from the accompanying D. proofs under D., as the former Fiscal CAARLOFF knew better, Viho engaged, administered the oath to and paid salary to the same MENA, for our Han. Company, and faithlessly sullied himself; for he, then, 36. 1657. coming to this Coast with Royal Swedish Patents, in L~] order to draw him from our side to his, succeeded in per- - Z'suading the aforenamedithat the oath taken did not apply to our Hon. Company, but to his pri~ate person, and that he was not bound to any ope else: over which action we much wish that a right-m~nded man were at liberty honest- ly to declare by what name one could best call such-like dec~ptions towards us. Concerning the furbher negotia- tions, which the Commandant undertakes to prove were done with the inhabitants of JUMORE upon their previous per- sistence, and that we, on our side have wished to incite, and with sufficient gifts and presents did partly incite the same, so that their ~ompany's Coroguo. servant,COROQUO,was murdered, whose blood still cries for vengeance. To this we say, which we have never denied, namely, that we know well that without negotiations and without gifts and presents, they would not have taken our country; which gifts and presents, in order to give their false and treacherous action another appearanceLby withholding the name which such ~ork rightly deserves)~they would now like to give the name of lawful purchase. But we say it is a treacherous and unpermitted robber¥; and if it is sustain- ed that it is a permissible matter, what reason then has one to cast at u.s such false words and so much expostula- tion about gifts and presents?, or is it not permitted to the Netherlander to acquire anything by purchase as well as the Swedesh Nation?, and are we-m not, then also, two persons, or ten, yea the entire world, at liberty, na iets dat veijl soude wesen, to offer money to the one as well as the other: although all that had been done hitherto about JUMORE, with gifts and presents, according to the statement of the Swedes~ we indeed expressly deny, and roundly declare that if we can get JUMORE, which is our own, back again, and drive them out of it, better, and less dangerously by gifts and presents than b¥ open force of arms, we shall not neglect to do so, but endeavour to carry it out for the good of .our Hon. Company; in which anyone can as little blame us as that anyone can say that it would become the Commandant to assist himself,as he does, with the words that they have treated about JUMORE at the insistence of the inhabi- E. tants; the contrary of which is to be perceived in the evidence under E., from which abundantly appears that it was not only first asked for by the Swedes, but alsot that they have obtained their posseSSion by no means with the consent of all the Chiefs (Hoofdlieden) of the country, but by the violence 1657 37. of some rebels: about which the Lord God, to whom we shall heartily pray for it, will ~ at some time allow us to enj9Y , for the deliverance of the obedient: just as we shoula not have been ashamed of having brought about that that murderer of men and most abominable traitor and robber, COROQUO,had been got out of the wotld, as a traitor. About whom the Commandant's predecessor, the former Fiscal CAARLOFF himself has also been more vigilant than any mne; the more so, as he, being a slave by birth, native ,of A-xu., ~ba$ conspi:r:ed against his f-atherland, m'lU"dere~ sol~ nd incited to rebellion the inhabitants thereof, out of which a serious war arose and blodd, indeed, shed; he inciting (injudiceerende) the same inhabitants to make a deputation to the Ministers of the English Company, in order to offer to them the Fort at AXEM, which he promised to attack by surprise, first murdering our soldiers, having already had made, for that purpose, ladders in order to scale the same, although this indeed came to no effect through the refusal of the English; he further committing such acts of cruelty and murder that the injury thereby done to our Company amounts to an excessive sum; the same COROQUO attempting to attack my predecessor at the rock~ of ADJUBA, on t11a journey to AXEM, so that barely saving his life, the bloody hands of that wicked murderer have be~n able to escape to the Swedish Company's servants: the which being so true, as each one knows and the Commandant's predec~sor the former Fiscal CAERLOFF will not be able to deny. tvery one can therefore judge with what people the Swedish Company has made shift against us, and with what reasonableness one, from this, gives utt~rance to a false contention, in the matter, that the blood of that Sv.edish :nurderer and traitor shoilla cry for vengeamce ag~~fte\upon us, whereas a nobleman ought to be ashamed so shamfully to defend such a rascal. We refrain from puttin on paper any defence for it, the more so as it does not concern any body, and bhe Commandant, in order to throw it in our face, is not entitled to arrogate for him the title of his servant, whether he could have any respect, v.ith regard to the Company: the more so a s , ellen if the m tter be taken as is represented, to us, e are t liberty to punish not only those who, like COROQUO, r~ subordinate to us by birth, but also all othus ..., ho should co~it any crimes within the limits of our juri s- diction, even though they be the subjects abd servant s of the tmperor or the Grand Turk, to say not hing of t he S edish Company, especially, st ill, if we ~ hould be able t¢ find such shameful rascals as this COBOQUO within our t rrltory , - as at JU)(ORE (Jumoo): vith 38. 1657. regard to whom we say that if he were still alive, and we could by any means suceed in catching him, we should not hesitate, as his unforgivable 5~ crimes deserve, to have hms head cut off immediately, even though he had ten necks, without regard to anything else than what might serve for his guilt or innocence. What men more, both Netherlanders and natives, the Swedish Company already employs as evil instruments in its servh'e, of them a whole list could be made,.~ ~ . in de hand willen steeken dat in de zee geen water as, seer onbevoegd hem niet en ontzieb" to deny, a with ri- diculous reasons go further, blabbing out t we "met geschenken niet hebben kunnen uitregte ~ tot sulks door geweld de im woonders, die vr uiden syn en met 't hunne mogen doen dat hun ge· a, hebben willen dwingen, h· out of which the war of DNA, wijo has never wished to regard himself as Mena. a vassal, with the AXEMS has proceeded, which has given cause, not from their, but from our side, to such shedding of blood. To this can 7easonably be aske6 whether those of JUMO who had remained loyal to us should have been unfree,and whether because of the yoke of unfreedom have sold ~ae~~ our right to the Swedes, and there~y have become free? It is unnecessary to speak so much of their freedom, for we have never called these peoples' liberty in question, and tha~would be contrary to the foundations of our Government; bUt that godless freedom which the Swedes, for their own advantage, attribute to and impose upon the natives we will never accord to them, but endeavour to get back our own: for it is preposterous that ~ one could be at liberty to sell to one that which belongs to another. Out of which, ,.then, follows trillt the JUMQSE are at liberty to give us their country, a second time, for money, which we, according to the Swedes' maxim, although they have bought it, may indeed accept: for now the Commandant, with such subtle reasons, wishes it to be understmod that we hav~ desired to incite the inhabitants with gifts and presents not to sell JUMO to them. This we gladly admit not rightly to JUMO. understand, for if it is well done there is no- thing to be said about it, and if he thinks it is forbidden them, then we say that he has done us wrong, and therefore ask for what reasons one sustains that we should not be allowed to offer money for JUMO, if the same were freely for purchase, as they; and if, on the contrary, - as is true- perceiving the infidelity of the aforesaid JUMOSE, we had admonished them to desist from 1657 . 39. th",ir evil intention v.hy should not we - seeing our good int~ntion disjained and our Company prejudiced - have the samG restored again by arms and drive those who en- courage them in their rebellion out of our jurisdic~ion and territory (gevied) asl!tetUroers or the ~eaee~ public peace? We ask this,ftot fr om doubt,as the Commandant was once pleased to express it, but because we know it is competent and permissible to us to do it, and we shall not fail to do it a~ tW-p O'per Clm~:- That -trm-vi",F'"W'It1'l MENA, Hho has never been willing to submit himself as a vassal, should have proceeded from that, the contrary will be-I~arnt fro~ the e ~~enc. ~nexed hereto, under D" from which c h sufficiently De perceiv~dtto D. he was corrupted, by the Commandant's predece essors, out of our Hon. Company's oath and seps -t service, in ord~r to be of assistance to them, in order to o~press those at JUMO, who, remaining obedient to us, w~re not willing to secede from us; in which, through th~ instigation of the aforenamed gentleman's predecess- ors, he has succeeded in quitting himself so treacherously as a good Christian ought to be ashamed to injure his ne ighbours, with wij,om he outwardly practicE::s fri endshi p , with such a barbarian {sasape} (barbare), whom th~y have nevel' sought a s a vassal, which also he is not by birth, but, indeed, our Hon. Company's soldier and Kena. Headman, born far outside its jurisdiction, in the District CROBBE, a ~ is well known to eve 'y- one. We therefore wonder what has moved the Commandant to rake up such inventions and to cast th~m in our face, which, even if tht:lY were so, would not in <.ny way tend to our dishonour and injury; for if we had desirej to make YENA our vassa l, what obj ect should We have had therewith but, as no one will contend otherwise, our Hon. Company's or our profit: and ~hy should not we endeavour for a per- mitted thing just as well as the Commandant, who has such a larg e conscience that everything is free for him , and considers everything honourable that can in any ~ay be profitable; which maxim, however, he has not learnt from Cicero. ,~t therefore is cOffi~riseq in the Com-andant's frienlship ~ith MENA and the pr'ncip'~ men of the country, every unbiaJsed parson can judge, and that it is now de- s ired to carry it out, is onl to persist in v.ickedness, for it is indeed wicked to give any fine a ~e rance to to such treacherous action . It is, indeed, an idle excuse to say that t hey did not come in order to wage '1"ar W~~R a~ainst the inhabitants, or to deprive them of th~ir liberty, but to live peaceably with them ~nj to promote t h",ir Company' 5 trade. What high value these hypocriti- cal words have cab be e ceived daily , an especially as 40. 1657. they did not lack the power so punctually to observe this maxim. This appears from the tyranny which they are exercising over its inhabitants, and es- Taccorary. 8uep8iBin5' 6; 8" 1;;ft~ pecially the TACCORARIES, whom they have subdued by sini- ster practices, and now inhumanely ill treat by shooting, beating and blows, adding thereto threats '''w0881'V!!:H l! UP j PljliB1:81 tleH: j s t Ii' 8tjl' 1i'81H!An; especially the Fisca l, who produces nothing but fire and flames, so that .,.,.,..; not only the inhabitants of the country, but also we, their k'~ allies and neighbours, 'tt-G9 e1l8ieR"68 V8H ftlin SQli'd'i' wille in to ~-- UI , hm. lOiet l§li'laQU88ft !!I:Y"1"ffl, but alone I.a God who, in order to .,J. prevent the ellil, has granted them no power. If the half S of our power weEe in their hands, we are assured that the inhabitants would soon l earn what they had to neH: (hellis,8ft) ,c" from the protectors of their liberty, who will never point out to us where we have ever, in the l east, done any opp- ression to the natives, as to maintain each in his freedom is the foundation upon which our State is fo r med; without, however, that it is liberty to be able, for the sake of profit, a s one thinks good, to loese themselves from that to which they are lawfully bound; which the Commandant would gladly enforce against us, whereas we thinlll,however, he would not, v ~ry rightly, suffer the same against him- self. How, now, the Commandant, going further, names the the fierc e utteranc e of the Commissaris Neuman. Neuman , a s something different and not dis- honourable, but a word which he spoke out of a foolish but not malicious mind: that it was such, we can- not in any way understand, for there is no diff ", renc e but bet ween t wo disputing parties, and as we have Baa never had any private quarrel with any Swedish servants, s o that we say we do not as yet know with what colour one will name the mo st infamous words of abuse, in a diff erence. Is it, indeed, a diff er ence that, in order to practice good f riend- ship and to maint a in peace, one "aanhaald" the servants of 1;.fi oue Company and seeks t o divert them from us, their Chief, and to incite them to insubordination, persuading them , with foul words of abuse, whether they did not know better than to appoint such a fool a s me to be Director; thereby add ing such scandalous words a s we should be ashamed to l et flow from the pen , still mor e t o utter; which F. vilainies are to be seen from the Attesta1;. tion hereto annexed under F., wiT.h which the CO~llandant would like to daub us, as compliments, and to take offence at our justifiable resentment by saying 1;.fia1;. he cannot see that these pr ivate differences between our two Companies could cause any rupture of f riendship, and 1657. 41. that thereby a breach of friendship between our respective nations here in this country woul~arise. We shall seek to be on our guard aga inst this in every way, but whether this can be called a difference, no one would be able to say; and granted that, according to the Commandant's argu- ment, this should not cause any infraction of a national friendship, as we assmredly will not begin any mnfriend- ship from our side without further reason for it, but would like to know whether anyone can be so "vervoerd" of judgement as to suggest ~hat 9uch is a good means of fos- tering mutual peace and concord. We do not doubt that any reasonable person will consider it better for the con- servation of good correspondence between two allied nations to cut out such slanderous tongues than to speak for them, as the Commandant undertakes to do, not only in this, but with regard to the Fiscal. We would rather let ourselves be further oC'ended by him with a paper full of injurious libels and disturbance of things that are not material than t to obtain ea~iafa~~i- reasonable satisfaction to such a friendly request, as ought to be done between friends : he representing that there ar e great falsehoods, spread by the natives, in our accusation, like as the report of the stolen sword proves and they can prove it with written Attestations, that the sword was stolen at JUMO already before the Fiscal had proeeeded the second Jumore. time on the journey to JUMORE, and that we should falsely accuse anyone, which a person of honour and intelligence would never dare to do : and the contrary will appear from the evidence hereto annexed, under G. But we would be glad to G. know for what reasons the Commandant lets pass by all the Fiscal's base actions, and concerns himself so much about this treacherous sword; as also, why he wishes to prove that this work at JUMO was not done in the presence of the FiBcal, for if no wrong was done !~-aia herein, why was it necessary to say it oc~urred in his presence or absence; but that such hos- tility w~s undertaken against us with it, the Fiscal him- self cannot pass over in silence in his 0 ,om rl:!r'ort, in which he says, indeed, that such carrymng off of our vassals had always been in his mind, and still was when our Fiscal cam\; on board to him, before AXEM: his bloody intentions agaiBBt us still further appearing from his ENCASSARSE embassy which, thank God, had that result which such tl'eacheries right ly ought to have. But in order fina lly to give the Commandant information of what he thought was 42. 1657. unknown to us, and so will by no means be able to deny, without blushing, the affair of this unworthy sword; at least he must admit that he has sent a soldier out of the country because he, being ordered to carry out this treacherous work , was ashamed of the deed and did not acquit himself according to his orders, but let his weapon be taken away from him. That we have stuck it up (opg esteeken) it as an insult to them, such being PUblicly known, we gladly admit that we would a lso rather have haJ. this sword "aan de kaake nagelen" than to preserve it or allow room for it in any worthy plave, and where we have stuck it does not concern the Co~mand­ ant in the l east, especially as he represents that it is of no consequence to him, a nd that everything was a lie of a thirevish negro; and, previously a lso, that was W9Ba&1 worthy of such a rascal who brings forward such fictitious lies in order -l"hereby "aan de anderen te a8±I'ea hitzen(helpen)" the Company and its servants,that must be made a span shorter. Which we also feel and are are especially confident that a ll peace-loving and quiet- seeking men will judge, with us, that such a disturber of tb6¢I'9aee public peace w~o undertakes, under sm~emn oath, treacherously to attack his allies unawares, not only his faithless sword, but he also in person ought to be hung up in triumph on the gallows as an example to others, which, accor ding to the histories, would be no novelty. That the Commandant now, about the accusation of the Fiscal, appeals to the latters own wr itten reply, which we say is~ like the history of Durson and Valentyn, a ~ mixture of lies, fictions, and improper injurious words, unbecoming to a person of his condition, which we do not consider worthy of consideration or regard, and the Com- mandant may freely imagin¢ that we shall not consider ourselves so insignificant as to dispute in person with his Fiscal, which could not be done without detracting from our dignity; the more so as we trsut we are in a posit ion to treat the COliimandant as he ought to be, who woul d unnecessari~y take the trouble to believe all negDDes' fictitious lies, or to write whole chronicles about bhem, in which however that of this sword is not seasonable (te pas komt); whi..:h is no fictitious attes- tation, but actual evidence of ill-disposition, and is not to be wiped out with paper , it being sufficient for us to prove t~t the Commandant knows that this sword fell into our hands, and out of his servant's hands, naked and without sheath. That (sic) we have not un- reasonably, but indeed justifiably, accused the servants 1657. 43. of the Swedish Company of the rupture of the n~ighbourly and friendly alliance; and that all that which the Com- mandant possesses by yp& usurpation for the said Company through his predessor's or his own action are our Hon. ~mp~ny's d~arly-bo~t and conquered lands ana places, which can no longer be withheld from it without f~r estrangement. That, now, the OISm::Jand1"nt seeks the judg- ment of everyone whether he ha~ protested Boutry. unreasonably about the BOurRY affair must sur- prise us very much; the more so as ~e do not believe [here are such unintelligent persons in the world ~,ho, havd:ng the least knowledge of our right, .,ill call it eeasonable, as is clearly to be seen, as in a shining mirror, from what has formerly been protested Eg-einailnolo &eP8~ and chiefly also that we have not driven him awa~ from BOUTRY, but, indeed, how he, notwithstanding the request and prayers of the inhabitants, departed from there. Whether, then, it be reasonable that anyone, in order to cover his own disgrace, seeks to calumniate another by an unfuunded protest about that which he himself should justly be corrected and punished, this no wise man will defend: the Commandant seeming also to feel this his mis- take when he says t~t now (~ as we, ac~oruing to his Annemaboe lecture) he also henceforth, a~ in remorse' for his disservice wishes otherwise to maintain and defend the the posses3ion and profit of his Masters, which will be profivable to them and honourable to him; but he has not to make account of it to us, whom it does not concern . Concerning our Counter-Protest with reference to CABO CORS, ANNEMABOE, and ACRA, whether such ~ Cors. may be of any value after they have pos- Annemabo§. sessed (~~iateR) that territory in the ~. seventh year, without our gainsaying, and incurred much expense on them by buildin~ an other ise, this Vi.;) expressly deny,and say it is untrue that th~y have posses~ d ~&e~eteft) that place for so long Nithout our gainsaying, for we have iro:nediately, .. nd not s aringly or negligently, protested about it: ~ as as done about CABO CORS, in the n~e of the Hon. Com~any, by t Dirtlctor G~neral Arent COCK, thDoUc:;h the Upper-Factor Johan Foullon: the Director General :.!r DOEDES (Doedens) having r viously had the Swedish servants taken off an1 carried away from ANNEKABOE, i order to ke~p thdm out of thd 0 seusion of that place, as appears fro~ the com- lint s bout it made, upon incorrect re port 5, fiy b- Re ident A pelboom to th~ir High ightinesses. 44. 1657. We having also, on t wo occasions, in our own .erson, protested against the t aking possession of (-illuemen) ACRA, as appears from the paper s under H. Moeeover, it does not conc ern us, but is for the account and H. risk of the Swedish Company, what they have been . .I ~ pleased to build and spend; H a J it-9 stBRg,j,Hg -4;-0 06~" r ea sonLthat any onerought.to improve such a possession (bes~) and place~ f~, besides, an unreasonable con- tention that CABO CORS should be theirs by a Roya l Chart er, whi ch is just as much as if one wished to attribute to His Ma jesty a liberality with another's property,..as has herebefore bean sufficiently pointed out. Moreover, we might be v ery surprised why the Swedish Commandant was not rather plea~ed to be silent about thmsmatter than, with an impas s ioned judgment, to defend the same, which he ought not to have dared to do without blushing; especially that not hing had been heard, nor anything sa id from our side about ANNEMABOE, CABO CORS, a nd ACRA, the contrary of which has been proved by the documents. Likewi se , a lso, the Commandant a llows us that we have reason t o Jumore. punish our rebels, by the word s where he says he may well suffer such at JUMO, and thereby also admits that his possession (-besi~ ~ there is not lawful, and consequently also that we have indeed rea sons to have t those who are staying at that place, dislodged, as distur- ber s of the public peace and inciters of such rebels; as we shall do, in order to treat those rebels as they deserve for , the ir infidelity. ,Now, as regards the Commandant' s inter~~ F ,,'Of the privilege of the passage The right of passage past AXEM, which the inhabitants past AXEM. do not intend to forego, and that such does not concern either for- e i gn or free people, especially his Company's servants, as ~ ha one cannot, by int ernational and world- wi de l aw, prevent the other the way by sea , but that this would only concern some under our Command, 'fhis is absolut ely absurd and prepost erous, for we are not disputing the freedom of the s ea wit h any Buropean nation, but we only say that the people ofAXEM have never a llowed any inhabitants of this Coast, whether they ar e s i tuate to windward or leeward of them, to pass by t hair place, up or down, with native vessels; which i s something quit e different to prev '3nting anyone the free pa s sage by sea; the more so as such pass- ing cannot be done ot herwi se than in their sight and by using their country and beach, whi ch they need not a llow, as a l so they have never tolerated. Of this, there are many i nstances, and e s peC i a lly that the QUAQUA inhabitants, 1657. 45. who indeed are not under our Command, are not allowed any passage without first coming therEl to the market at that place: who, on doing the contrary, in the time of the former Fiscal, CAARLOFF, ~re punished by him for it, wit~ the confiscation of their goods: and that similar and other toll, and staple dues are m":lintained by many nations in Europe, is sufficdently public and w~ll known, especi~ also the jurisdiction of the English, whi ch they consider they hav~ in the ~nglish Channel (Britagnesche Zee). This, therefore, is not to hinder the sea navigation, which will not be prevented to any Swedes in European vessels; but that it' they, on the contrary, employing native vessels, prefer to experiment what the aforenamed inhabi- tants may take in hand for the maintenance of their right, rath~r than avail thdmselves of our friendly warnings for their good, then we shall trouble ourselves as little about it, a~ the Commandant, who considers he can suffer our lawful takin; off of the natives ana inhabitants of our State, only through powerlessness : moreover , w~ know how We have to act in that particular. Like~ ise, it is also not unknown to us that it is only that thl;:! poY;er is lacking, in order twice to drive us from here, an I of which the COllLJ ·andant 's j,~~~ep sevel'e threats towards us, we will not let rest at that ci~ pc"hb blijiEea ~: to which bitter words , a seeming to be sorry for them, he would now like to give another colour, by putting ~Re~B~p-ee±e~ difft;;rcnt interpretation upon them, that his CompciOY .. ould hardly let it remain at that; which , neve.th~less, appears quite otherwise from ~hat has been related of what passed with the Fiscal; we also having to look at and pay attention ~e only to what is uone or said to us by another , v.ithout considering to" ill anin& which anyone woul wish to impose upon us, according to his fantasy: w~ saying further about it, that WI;:! are being more severely threatened than it is permitted us to suffer, and, indeed, can pass bet en friends, only in the name emJ. on account of t he Commandant, and not of t he Swedish Comp ny, whose affaire, we judge, are directed by wiser llIen than t ose who would wish to impute the blame of ~BM.P th~ir own servant to others. For, if they allo~ BOOTRY to be ours, hat offence, then, has been com- Boutry. mitted, and why should we not b.s.ve occupied i"t? and if they had any claim to it, why has the Command nt so lightly abandoned it, a.> he open)::! says t l.at one ay freely occupy (beseten) c.band6n~d places? ho then will ju ge that Wd, on our si e, ust answer forit? 46. 1657. Truly, no reasonable man; but all persons of dispassionate and equitable minds, having well weighed ~he contents of this in the balance, will, for the love of justice, find themselves impelled to point out t~~t the Commandant's reply, according to the rejoinder (duplicq) served on the 18th Sept ember, was mnreasonably delivered in a nd placed . in our hands, as it is not to us that he must give account; Ifl" and therefore it was not unreasonably said that it was a fUlmination of frivolity, as being entirely unfounded upon right and resaon, displaying nothing else than his "geblanchette en gefingeerde genegentheijt, doorspeeckt met justenuen", that heathen could not have been more crafty, namely, tha~ it should be permitted to the~, through an unheard-of liberty, die de naturellen onbevoegd toeschrijven, under a pretended purchase, to strike at all our Hon. Company's conquered and dearly-bought lands, with- out we be ing allowed, in like manner, to draw back to us tRes8 those which they once obtained in such an unlawful manner; or, after previous protest, to recover the same by force of arms, (as this cannot be tolerated by us without the breach of peace and alliance) without then paying back the same in the Baltic Sea - like as one of the Command- ant's authorised pe~sons, on the day when he was s erving his Reply, expressed to us, saying that we should yet have to pay dearly for the BOUTROE lime (kalk) - which would be unreasoriable ,as their whole contention is a detestable opinion for those who wish to bear the name of Christians, and a right premeditated means to nourish all disloyalties, for their profit's sake, and to consider tris neighbours as les s than one thinks himself to be; wR8F8ey thereby breaking all bands of trust and honour, which, how'ever ,are the only ones between allies,with which one ought to ~eep the friensship together. Likewise also it is not the rig ht remedy for the conservation of good correspondence; causing still further offence to the neighbours instead of a justly sought for satisfaction~ as the Commandant has been pleased to employ through his ~· iscal. About this, it is not wrongly said that under his management (~e,a~ every kind of offence, by word and deed, are permitted and allowed against us, as appears from his odious Reply and the papers thereto annexed, which Viill be found with~ conclusion or termination, as not pointing out the reasons why the same was served upon us, or to which the Command- ant is pleased, tooth and nail (teen en tanden), to res- ort to every trouble, through lack of other weapons, in order to frighten (ve r vaaren) us with schanden en smaaden, and to denegreeren us tm'ough a bitter hatred with untrue 1657 . 47. fictitious inv.;.ntions; but from which aVl-·ears that much of his nonsense (bems~lingen) c oul d well be produc~d elsewhere than to us , in order to learn wh~ther we could exhibit anything against them , which we are not bound to do here, in his regard . And we de s ire, in every respect to avoid this in order to prev"nt all embitte.'- ment and estrangement, wit hout molesting anyone without reason, and much less do we intend to accept that from others either; neverthele s s bt;;ing prepared, upon eve.y occasion, about any disturbances on thi.:; Coast, aftel' fr .endly warning, to enter into ami~able negotiation eithe b~ Co~nis5ioners a~pointed for that purpose, or otherwise, and in that manne r , if possible and being in our power, to determine and settle all diff8rences, and to COlle to a right and reasonable understanding with each other: all of which, and wHat the Commandant's Reply, impertinent an4 insufficient discussion and con- clusion, We are wrongly char~ed with, and it must be recov~red from (verhaalen op) the Comm~ndant himself. Her~with persisting on the Rejoinder (Duplicque) and our well-founded Replies which we have caused to be served upon the COlIlJ11andant, to his PDotest of the 5th September. ACTUM. (no signature) Note. The Appendices to the above Deduction are as follows:- A. 1656. 25th Nov. Attestation. Hogenhouck," adelier, ~nd Jurgens. (vide sub 1656. p.65.) B. 1656. 27th Aug. Letter, David Hoopff to Fiscal Eduard Man. (vide sub 1656. p.3l) C. 1656. 25th Nov. Attestation . Hog6nhouck and Steen1ant. (vide sub 1656. p .67.) D.l. 1654. 20th July. Attestation. van Cougelen and and R. Dyck. (vide sub 1654. p.105.) D.2. 1653. 4th Sept. Letter (extract) FiSCE< 1 Va1cken- burgh to Hogenhouck. (vide sub 1653. p .50a.) E. 1654. 17th July. Attestation. Coegelenburg an R. D,~ k. (vide 1654. p.10~.~ F. Attestation. Cock & 'an. (vide sub 1656. p.26.) 48. 1657. G.l. 1656. 17th May. Information. Jansoo, Matton, and Be.lsang. (vide sub 1656. p.26.) G.2. 1656. 8th June. Attestation. F. Roman. (vide sub 1656. p.27.) G.3. 1656. 8th (28?)June. Attestation. F. Roman. (vide 1656. p.28.) G.4. 1656. 18th Sept. Attestation. R. Dyck. (vide sub 1656. p.28.) G.5. Attettat ion. Eduard Man. (vide sub 1656. p. 29.) . H. (not so~arked in Versp: W.I. stukken 1162; but ~ ~ V1~kenburgh's Protest~ about ACRA, to Caar1off.) (vide sub 1650. p.96.) Journal of Director General 1657. NIL. 1657. 49. Resolutions. Director Gene1al ~ Council. (Copy)"Resolution Book for the Government on behalf of t he Chart. WIC. of the U.N. resding ¥vithin the limits of the N. District of Africa in Guinea, at the Castle St George del Mina. Commencing with the Direction of the Director General Johan Valckenburg on 1st February 1656 (extending to lOth June 1664)." (No 68. of the ..ianuscripts in the Kon. Instituut voor de Taal- Land- en Volken- kunde van Nedel"I. Indie, at the Hague.) Tuesday the 16th January 1657. Bwing r~lated, at length, by thc Generol at tho Ass- embly, all that which HE during the period of fourteen days hal treated with the SABOUS, at Mouree, over t;he matter concel"ning the Hill CONG, namely, that afteL" a lengt;hy waiGing and the expenditure of seven bendas ~old, which r~d be~n given as drink money (wijn gelt) in OLder to obtain possession of th_ aforesaid Hill CONG; thcY, the ZABOUS, ha finally brought forward a demand of four pounds (ponden) gold , for which they woula allow us to build a fortification, upon that condition and stipulation nevert;heless, that .-t he one or the other, who desired it, ShOU1J ~lso build ther~ besides: from which unr~asmnable­ ness (onbevoegdheid) he had indeed tried to oivert the aforunumed ZABOUS 'fIith all good. and succinct reasons, but in vain a.nd i.ithout advancing anything, so that he had been obliged to stop th~ negotiations and, roundly pef~e­ ~Bg rejecting the same, to bctake himself hither , in order ripelJ to consider by what mans one shall best make the the ZABOUS listen to reason. Upon ~hich, bein5 seriously delib rated, , it as IJ.nanimously found good sharply to pr vent, as hitherto, all dcpartures an arrivals at CONG, and also to ke~p th~ fishers at ~OUREE out of the sea, whi\,;h will greatly harass the ZABOUS. But as the General declared that the ways WeP9 are again safe, and that prob- ably, by keeping the fishers in, they might also close the way inland; therefor> it ~as decided that about the matt_r of the '1 hery, shall not be proeeeded with, so long as no a s are fir"t closed to us, so that thus the trade ay take its course as 1s pro ere hus done & resolv ed ••• ad1j ut upra. (sgd) Jo n V lckenb gh: Heerman Abr~msen: Benik Cocq: Francoijs Roman: B. Bouwn Ram . 50. 1657. Tuesday the 30th January 1657. As to the appointment of a skipper for the confisca- ted yacht "LOllerboom ll • (signed as above) Saturday 3rd February 1657. Is proposed by the General at the Assembly ~aa~, as the yacht "Swarten Arent", arrived here yesterday from Angola, Cdn do little for the service of the Comapny, and it will be necessary as quickly as possible to give advice to our Messrs Principals of our desolate situa- tion and mortality of the men, whether it would not there- fore be most useful to expedite, as much as possible, the departure of the IIArent", considering the request of the Swedish Director that W8 would let our said yacht go, on the ultimo instant, in company with their yacht "st Jansburg". -Re solved to despatch the "Arent II on the 10th instant.- (signed as above). Monday 26th February 1657. As to skippe r and crew for the confiscated ship "Faam". (signed as above). Tuesday 6th March 1657. As to repair or breaking up of -the yacht "Faam". (signed by above). Monday 12th March 1657. The ship "Goude Hengst" to go to the Tusk Coast &c for ftusks. (signed as above). Wednesday 4th April 1657. Being co~nunicated by the General at the Assembly that already some days ago there was report that a certain yacht, named the II Arent II from Lubeck had arrived before TACCORARY, and also he had now received ~dvice of the coming of the ship "Engel Gabrielli about BOlJrRY, both having Commissions from the Emperor and in all probab- ility intended to harass (bestooken) us here on the Coast, although they gave out that they wished to go to the Bight for slaves, thei~ Commander being one Tielman WiliKens, and the owners (vaarders) of the aforesaid ship and yacht, accoraing to the reports made, mostly natives or i nhabitants of our tands: therefore is it,on that that account, further proposed by the General, that as the ship IIGraaf Enno" and the gallioot nPostpaertll have today be Gn made ready toe flQ able- to sail to-night ,whether 1657. 51. it would not be necessary and advisable, for the service of th~ Company and the maintenance of tthe Charter, to send them up in order to take off our subjects from the aforesaid ships, and further to act as the Placades of th~ir High Mightinesses provide, in order to divert these people from their injurious intentions. Whereupon being ripely eonsidered, is found good and resolved that the Placade of the High Mightinesses for the maintenabce of the Hon. Com~any~s Charter against the aforesaid ships and crews who are sailing on them shall be put in force without delay, by me1ins of the ship "Graa f Enno" and tbe galliot npostpaert ll , and for that pur pose such other good means be employed in order to ca rry out such, as is proper. Thus done and resolved at thetissembly of the Hon. General & Councillors over the Northern Coa ,., t of Africa at th~ Castle St George DEL MINA in Guinea, ady ut supra. (Sign~d) Joan Valckenburgh: Heereman Abramsen : Henlrick Cock: B.Bouwensen Ram: Francois Roman. Wednesday 9th May 1657. Being proposed by the General at the Assembly that the ship "Gr"iaf Mno", arrived here in February and since un- loaded and having made a voyag e to CHAMA, is now ready to be employed in every way where the service of the Hon. Company shall require; on which employment HH desired that serious attention should be given, whether it should make a voyage to Ilho de Principe, Gabon, Cape Lopes and St Thome in order there to catch the int ~ rlope rs of our lands or any vessel of the Portuguese, or to keep it here on the Coast in order to free it from such peoples'injurious di;;signs . Whereupon being d.;;liberc..ted and having regard to the fact that it is not more certain tr~t anyone will be i;;ncountered in the Bight or Cit the Cape than here on the Coast, wbich,neverth~less, would be deprived of the ship by it beinG sent to the Bight or Cape, an could by no means bl;.! of service to us, although it could ao the best service here, since inte.lopers are to be expected here as c..t the Cape, which, through lack of '1'EHTE7e±E7 suffh:ient vessels, would play tht:: mast r and injure our trade,r.hich is some- .lhat more important than the Bight trade, for w};!!e};! the good care of ~hich the yachts are sufficiently ordered. Therefore, after good consideration of affairs, Cinj opinions asked, it is found good and resolved, by a majority of votes, not to end the ship "Graaf funo" from the Coast before t he arr~val of some other ship from the FatherlCind, but to ke~p it h~re for the proteetion of the same an hs ke~ping in check of all f&peiaa8R(eflvpi~) traders, and meuntlme ~ o __ Ml4M~~ 52. 1657. employ it where it can do th~ best servie~. Being represented by the Genera l and opinions asked, what would be most useful for the service of the Company, whether to provide ~he Lodge At CONG (which was llQIT completed) in the style of the factories at Mouree and Adia, or to keep it going in such a way as those of Comany and~. ~Vhereupon, being considered that no trade can be cultivat ed there without drawing it away from the f actory at Mouree, where our goods can be incompar ably better secured in a closed Fortress t han mn CONG, in a thatched house, where the same could not be brought without peril, tJ:o...rough the bad harbour; likewise also it ha s never been the i ntention to seek trade here, but, indeed, to prevent it to others who have sought to settle there, to our ruin. Therefore, after r ipe and good consideration of affa irs, it is un- ani mous ly resolved and found good, simply to provide the Lodge at CONG with some mer chandise for tbe ZABOUS and beach people, in order to be excused from the ACCANISTS who otherwise wmuld brmng a Captain and other cha rges of new ships gifts and such-like, which would be giv en unneces sar ily, see ing that we could not draw anything e lse from them than what we nov.' already enjoy. - 'The yacht "Love ~"boom" found', on ins pection, to be beyond repair, witb the means here.- Thus done ~ 'resolved ••• ady ut supra. (signed) J. Valckenburgh: Heereman Abramsen: Hendk Cock: Francois Roman: B. Bouwn Ram. Wednesday 13th June 1657. -Decided to send the ship "Gouden Hengst" home ; to be got ready by 12th July.- By t he General was also made known that he was ~aily being importuned by Jan Hendricx Roden, l at e Factor on the Danish s]:frp sa:ip,-ep yacht, or ship, "Vliegende Hart" and Piet er stockman l ate skipper on the yacht "Lover- boom", in order to be a llowed t o proceed home by the first depart- ing ship; a lt hough the former, by sentence, bas been con- demned to remain on s hore here for a year in mrder to take r eveng e upon him (verhaalen) for that which was d one to us by the ZABOU King through his inducement: and the latt er has a lso been or dered, by sentence, not to depart befor~ he shall have paid to the Hon. Company bere in this country, or at home , that which he says he has sent away out of the return cargo of the afor enamed yacht , after the capture thereof: all which sentences ape being still "~~el'l :Ti§el!rl."", but from whic h we-aepe-1raa~-t-aeFeey, probabl y , is not to be hoped will be obtained or got, but 1657. 53. only that the audacity of those who so rashly let them- selves be employed to the Company's injury, will be in some me~sure bridled out of fear for so long a detention. With re3Brd to the said Hendrix Rpden seeing our recon- ciliation with ZABOU, nead not be po~oned a ny longer if (we) think to have anything to his chargei so is it on that account that the Gen~raI is n6t wl1l~g to dispose of the matter personally, as they are mat t ers which con- cern the Company's interests. Upon which is desired the advice of this Council, who are unanimously of opinion that the request of Jan Hendricx Rode ought to be granted (but) should be postponed as yet, for advice from home, in order to l earn the feelings of the Hon Company thereon. Thus done and resolved ••• ady ut supra. (signed as above except Roman). Tuesday 19th June 1657. Appointment of skipper to the "Gouden Hengst" for the homeward voyage. (signed a s above except Roman) Monday 25th June 1657. EQuipage Master, Bouwen Bouwensen Ram , appointed skipper of "Graaf Enno". Andries Claesen, l ate Skipper on the "Faam", appointed Equipage i4aster in Ram 1s place. (signud by Va l ckenburgh: Abramsen: Cocq: Roman . ) Sunday 1st July 1657 . Decided, aft er' hearinG the advice of several skippers, t o send the ship "Gouden Hengst" to the Islands with a c'rgo, instead of going home, owing to los s of anchors , and on~ of suffici"nt weight not being available. (signed by Valckenburgh: Abramsen: Cocq: Ram: and Daniel Willemsn) T~sday 4th September 1657. As to reJuCDn6 the number of yachts. (signed by Valckenburgh: Abr.msen: Cocq: Roman: Andries Claesen: Jacob Adriaensen Pense) Tuesd y 16th October 1657. Is r~presented by the General at the Assembly, In what m nner, on the 13th instant - as on the previous day the small ship "Noortse Leuw" had been seized about CONG - an express mess~nger had been sent to HH rom the FUTU Dahy, 0 the King's Lieutenant, JAN CLAESEN, 1 oreer to desire that the said sijip, as having come to slielt er by them, should be sent back thither, taY1i1g orf the crew with hom we ere conce rned, or at . ~ great 54. 1657. disturbances would arise out of it; upon which, although the General, by the same messenger, had tried with good and succinct reasons to divert JAN CLASSEN from his incompetency (onbe~oegdheit) herein and to point out to him that this matter did not concern him, and which he was doing only~"1iooip 8Ii1atllflll"'le1i;i.&" of the SWEDES - which was sufficiently apparent from the words about taking off the crew from it, as the Blacks would not have known about smrh things if the Whites had bot informed them - and thatthls was indeed an express and premeditated means in order to fall upon the ship, being deprived of crew, with canoes and small vessels, having regard to the ship's Danish Commission, as, being at war with the Swedes, they would be empowered to do; wherefore he could not resolve, without great injury to us, to such handing over, begging him, JANGa;AE8811N JAN CLAESEN, to behave neutrally and to take no side in this, so that it ddld not fallout to the great injury of us all: upon which - although the said messenger acknowledged that his master's proposal was unreasonable, who moreover had not done it without being requested to by the Swedes, and it had been so far from that, that the Swedes had contented themselves with ap- plying to JAN CLAESEN for this, but on the contrary they were making out to the FUTU community that we were wag- ing war on the Swedes in their own country and had cap- tured one of their ships, basing it upon the purchase of the goods that the FUTUS had undertaken the matter about it - yesterday, they had sent a message in the name of them all, desiring a categorical answer whether we were resolved to r elease the said ship or not, and upon re- fusal, they threatened to close the country to us; as most of the members sitting in this Assembly had a lready heard and understood. Likewise also that the effect of such threats had already ensued to-day; against which some means ought to i;.l1 be thought of and taken in hand in order to remove them with "reputation", without which not only would the trade be entirely ruined , but also ~this) place itself (which had a lways been held of such importance) would be made profitless for the Hon. Company, considering that the Swedes, having once found t his means f or our annoyance and t h~ir wickedness being ac quiesc ed in, would certainly t ake that COUBse again and so establish their gover nment within this Fortress . Yea, that""~B RaIU' elsQR1i/l ooer Eiwap/! niet eaBS 3Ut:ttrn HIe mg~aD 2.asian", without immediately having the people of FUTU ~ft,e Q Q8 tisi!l"e", whose wantonness would increase still more1and more, notwithstanding that it is already ~"fU"~ 1657. 55. so great that it can scarcely be tolerated any longer. It being well known that to drive our trade profitably was the meaning of the Hon. Company - also it was not to be doubted that all those having a right knowledge of af- fairs in these Quarters would judge such to be the most useful and therefore desirable - for it would be of little ~pefi,t. honour or profit to come hither out of our ~ (~ in order to wage war against the Natives. But, meanwhile, living amongst them, everyone having his natural intelli- gence, could well understand that such attacks as were at present unjustly being done to us could not always, as ordinarily, be settled with gifts and presents, especi- ally about this matter, which was of such great importance anu consequence. Therefore, it was for each one ripely to con~ider and devise some suitable means whereb~ the Swedes and FUTUS could be persuaded to abandon their unreasonable intentions. Upon all which, being seriously deliberated, and after opinions asked and good considera- tion, it was found good and resolved, without applying to the people of FUTU, to invest the Swedes by sea; to close all passages on land to them; as also to keep their men under arrest; to prevent the people of CABO CORS their fishing, as those of DE MINA (who are innocent and for our sakes) also have to bear the inconveniences of the FUTUS' or rather the Swedes' wanton wickedness, and will ~~ be v0ry ready to it: this being not otherwise than~ (4IIIr -, ~. , """,'~16 "as ysarS'illd 1 pg'il ip 0I119s". For CABO CORS belonging "'" J. d( to th= Swedes, they could not otherwise proceed against us or it must be free to us to take revenge upon them for it; whereas, on the contrary, CABO CORS being the property of ~..t~.n~ those of FillU, it is also no more than reasonable that we reven~e ourselves upon those WLO do us wrong - eith_r of both whic h is ldt to the choice of the Swedes and FUTUS, i n justification of our action: and to proceed in accordance with this decision without giving them any waruing, which also was not done to us. Thus peae±'Y'ee done and r esolved at the Assembly of the Hon. General and Councillors over the North Coast of Africa at the Castle St Geor~e Del Mina in Guinea, ady u~ supra. (Signed) Joan Valckenburgh: Heereman Abramsen~ Hendrick Cocq: Francoys Roman: Andries Claessenj Jacob Adriaensen Pense. 56. 1657. Monday 22nd October 1657. Is represented by the Director General at the Assembly, how a considerable time ago, the ANTHENAARS about the Quarter of CHAMA, breaking out into wanton wickedness, had dared to kill a MYNSE inhabitant, giving in reply, when their reason for it wa s required, that this had been one for the people of AOMMENDO, who had paid them for the trouble taken over the murder: further undertaking, besides a GHAMA, cruelly to treat and to kil l a Company slave belonging to the Lodge at CHAMA aforesaid, without any cause of offence having been given for it, but only, as one wished to say but it cannot b _ rightly understood, on account of some disturbances with the people of GAHA CHAMA. Over which crime, the ANTHEJiAARS being on vari- ous occasions as-ked for satisfaction and also threatened that on their refusal means would be taken in hand which ~h would possibly make this advisable for them, after a lapse of some months nothing else had thereupon ensued but that the JABYSE, being of greater power than the ANTHENAARS, seeing that the rascalities of the aforenamed ANTHEKIARS succed so well, had also dared to fall upon CHAMA, to sestroy the houses of our slaves, to carry off two as prmsoners, and also even threatening and proposing (~8P 88Rst911en8e~ to lay waste our Lodge, crying out that we could well suffer such gracious treatment from them as we dared not oppose those who killed our people and who were less than they; thus preventing and hindering the trade to that place, which now, for a long time, had been of such great consideration without surrendering it; and the more these intolerable acts had all been passed over in silence, the more they boasted about them; ~ as news had been brought from CHAMA to-day it appearing that the aforesaid ANTHENAARS, the day be61tre yesterday, had surrounded the Company slaves who had gone out to wovk not far from the Lodge, and had shot down one with two bullets, who could not escape, had cut off his head, and carved the body into small pieces in order to display their cruelty. Wherefore it was to be feared that with- out making so~e provision about it, it would go still further. ~ ~pinions were therefore asked by the Geneaal as to what means could best be taken in hand against such evils, in order not to see the Company's aff airs in that region entirely ruined, and if anyone of this Assembly considered himself capable of rem~dying t his evil amicably without expense and for the satisfaction of the Hon. Company, he must declare it openly. Whereupon being de- liberated, aft er ri.H~e and good consideration of af f airs, it wa s found good and unanimously resolved to revenge 1657. 57. these murders by force of arms, and so to restrain the ANTHENAARS in order to see of what feelings they will be afterwards, for as they are not now to be trusted and ?lill be still less so if anything is given them to aban- don their atrocious wickedness, considering that by gifts and presents they would only be encouraged the sooner to begin it again; this being the only meaa~ and best means to be able to live in peace, the more so also, as these barbarous cruelties of people with whom is neith~r to be treated nor ~~e~ converted, we cannot let pass over without being entirely oppressed by those from whom it would not be opportune for us ~~S, QAe8l~e9S ~s~, as appears from the example of JABIJ. Was also sumwoned to the Assembly, and appeared, the skippe r and facto:r of the yacht "Noortse Leeuw", being kept now for some days in close confinement, in order to be able to extract from them who their owners are, and they are able to name; and it is represented to them that through thdr obstinacy it had been resolved to take other proceedings in hand against them, in order to bring to confession and sonsequently they stood to be sent away (versonden~ a~ (they) could make arrangement fDO neither ship/ nor goods; that 00_ ha ..l therefore wished to warn them of this, in ord~r to be able to do, betimes, that which they should 1;sialf consider most ae'i'aat.agee~ advisable for th~ good of t.aemee±'i'ee their principals and themselves, the more so as the ship, through lack of crew and super- vision stood in open peril of being entir~ly lost. Where- upon was replied by the aforesaid skipper and factor that they requested that their ship might be allowed to go to CABO CORS in order, according to the bargain made with the Swedes, to deliver all the goods on it to them, and then to let the ship drive ashore; or that we ourselves should take over the goods at that price which they had a sked from the Swedes and to take the ship into the bargain; or that, if neither of these two weee consented to, that it then might continue to lie where it lay; for they, being in the state in which tht:y found themselves, could propose no other means for the sgfety of the same. But the Director General here replying, how HR., by letter of the 8/18th instant, had been written to by the Swedish Commandant that he, COlll:nand- nt, l acke the means to hostilely attack and capture the ship, a~ he &aid he ha reasons for doing because of the w r b~tween the kingdoms of Denmark and SWeden: he (D. G.) coul not therefore fin good to deliver the ship into the hands of the enem1 s of the Crown of Denmark,from whom 58. 1657. it had its Commission, over which some action against t he Company could fall, since it was impossible for it to reach there at CABO CORS if we ourselves, on our side, did not bring it there, which would never be done: it not being, either, the intention to set a watch on, or to provide for (v8cren) the ship, for that must be left to the charge of those whom it concerned; much less was it the intention to take over the same in purchase as the Swedes, who had done it of necessity in order to res- tore their aleteriorated affairs, and that it was not ad- visable to follow for us, who were lacking neither ships nor goods as they could see with their own eyes, for this would be to the considerable damage and injury of the Compan~ "for whose profits it was for him to endeav- our (betrachten). Consequently, the General, having had read aloud the Placade issued by their Ro. Mo. on the sub- ject of taking of~ of the crews, has formally protested ag£inst the sand skipper and factor that they, having sufficiently heard that they had incurred the penalties.J'.i.U. of21the aforesaid Placade in conformity with which they weliia also be proceeded against, would have to arrange for the affairs of the ship, which was entirely deprived of crew, in such a way that could not long remain preserved; or, if such was not ~one, as they themselves represented, that the difficulties which would arise therefrom would be to their charge, both if the ship were declared free, or otherwise might be found to have fallen to the profit of the Company. Whe r eupon, the aforesaid skipper and factor, making proposals for the giving up of the ship and goods for what the purchase had cost, and this being several times refused by the General; therefore (they having stood outside) being deliberated and opinions asked, it was finally found good and resolved - without prejud- ice to the action of the Company, which will only be found out in course of time when the ship~ and goods would easily be lost - to accept that condition; consider- ing that although it would have to be paUd, the Company would benefit by a considerable sum from it,. Over which, the skipper and factorj again standing withmm" it was represented to them by the Director General that he was satisfied, at the request of them skipper and factor, to accept, at the charge of the Company, the ship and goods both traded and untraded, together with the monthly pay of the crew "tot duur" of their being taken off, pro- vided that there for shall be paid, or cause to be paid on behalf of the said Company, withing the City of Amsterdam, so much as the equipment and purchase had cost; or otherwise, that it was also satisfactory to take over 1657. 59. (aanvaarden) the same on account of and at the risk of the owners (verders) until their further orders and to take it into protecting (bewaarder) hand, provided that the costs to be incurred thereon should be paid accord- ing to the manner in this country; everything without prejudice to the action of the Hon. Company. In which last proposal, they finding difficulty, the skipper and factor have persisted in their first offer, and, for the price which ship and goods, equipment and purchase had cost, have surrendered and renounced the ownership of their Principals therein, upon the condition than an Instrument, in due form, shall be made thereof, as is proper. Thus done and resolved ••• Ady ut supra. (Signed) Joan Valckenburgh: Heereman Abramsen: Hendrick Cocq: Francois Roman: Andries Claessen: Jacob Adriaen- sen Pense: Jacob van der Marz. Monday 29th October 1657. The ship "Conick Salamon" having arrived from the Chamber Amsterdam for d cargo of 400 slaves to be trans- ported to Cura9ao, it was decided, owing to the number of English slavers before Ardra, to send yachts to Rio Forca- does, to the Factor there, to barter them. Appointment of Assistants to various ships. Appointment of a skipper for the yacht "Noortse Leeuw" . Thus done and resolved ••• &dy ut supra. (Signed) Joan Valcken~: Heereman Abramsen: Hendrick Cocq: Francois Roman: Andries Clacssen: Jacob van der JMiar z. 60. 1657. Treaties, Pro~ests, ~. Act of Cession and Transfer (Cessie en Opdragt) of the District JUMORE, made by the ovmers and possessors of the said country to the Gen. Chart. W.I.C. (16th January 1657) (Versp. WI. stukken, 1162, pp.306-312. W.I.C. oc. 12. Also printed in Doorman, Bijlage 4, p.483.) . We, MANIPERNIQUA (Mamperiou) Captain, POCO BODY' Braffo, and ECHALMINA, ELIAMME (Eliamine), PARDINA (Pardia), and ESENPRE (Esempre) Chiefs (Hoofdlieden) of this District JOUMOREE (Jumore), situate on the GOLD COAST of Africa; bounding on the East to the Districts of ABRINPIQUE (Abrimpique) and ABOAMA (Abonma): on the North to QUITTRY (Gattry) and AFFINBA: on the west to the"lands"of SUMANEE (Fumane) and AFEREE (Affere): and on the South to the Sea: both for ourselves and for our bro- thers, all the other Chiefs, representing the whole com- munity, here at present assembled, Make known to all who shall see or heel' read these, that whereas from olden and immemorial times, we and our country (landen) have always been vassals and subjects of the King of Portugal, in consequence thereof, doing such homage to His Governor residing at the Castle st JORGE DEL MINA, as good and faithful vassals are bound and ought to do: wherefore also the supreme overlordship of this country was belonging (competerende) to thesame King, so that if we fe!l into disturbances with our neigh- bours the same Governor has always maintained and pro- tected us, like as, among many others besmdes, at the time Don Francisco de Sotte Mayer was Governor at the aforesaid Castle, and we had fallen into war with those of ABOUMA (Ambouma: Aboimo), he has assisted us with sol- diers and inhabitants, under the command of the Captain at the Fortress at AXEM, named Manuel Couree. And as the aforesaid Castle,and Fortress at AXEM, some years ago were "occupied" by the arms of their High Mighti- nesses the Lords States General of the United Netherlands and the General Chartered West India Company, and conse- quently the right of the supreme overlords hip of this country belongs (compebeert) to them, as the same resorts (resorteerende) under the aforesaid Castle, and Fortress, 1657. 61. So is it that the Hon. Mr aohan Valckenburgh, at that time Fiscal over the North Coast of Africa, in the name and on behalf of the Hon. Mr Director General Ruichaver, in the year of our Lord 1652, having betaken himse lf, together with some Chiefs ofAXEll, to these lands, we have renewed and confirmed at his hands the oath of fideli- ty and vassalage to the aforesaid Their High Mightinesses and the General Chartered West India Company, according to the manner of the country. Since which time, have betaken themselves to us here, some evil men who, by wrongful ways, have caused us to transgress and to grant ~aem to the SWEDES places in order to drive trade, whom, because of the oath taken, we cannot now turn out, but we are not allowing them in these lands except to do their trade, without granting, or having granted any right to the supreme Overlordship of these lands. Wherefore, having considered into what W e have fallen, as tending directly to the ruin and fall of our lands, we have deputed our envoys to the Fortress at AXEM, to the Factor there, with the earnest request and pra~er that he would be pleased to persuade the Hon. Mr Director General Johan Valckenburgh, at present residing at the Castle St Jorge del Myne, that he might send his envoys here in order to renew and confirm with us the ancient alliance and en- gagement, and to P9 erect a Fortress, in order that hence- forth we may the better, and inviolably, remain under our bounden obedience, and enjoy such protection as is due to good and faithful vassals. Whereupon, we, the above named Capt a in, Braffo, and Chiefs, e~ch having previously sent Olir hostages to del Mina and delivered them to the aforesaid Hon. Mr Director Gen~ral Valckenburch for the assurance of our upright sincere meaning and intention, has ensued that the said Hon. Mr Director General Valckenburch has sent to us here, Adriaen Bogenhouck , Factor at the Fortress at AXEM, accom- panied by IBGURA (Ingya), ATINBA(?) (Amba, Amboe), AOCHE, and DONTOU (Donton), Chiefs, and Francisco NOU (Nouw) Interpreter, at AXEM, at whose hands (in the nam~ and on behalf of the ~foresaid Director General Johan Valckenburch) on tlits day e baYe ene and oonfirmed t4e olt.tli of a llegiance to b~ir High Mightinesses t~e LOrd S~t General of the United Provine s togt:lt~r ith he; Gen al Chartered West India Company, promising now and at all times to comport ourselves as good and faithful vassals could or may be bound to do to th~ir Sov~reigns. Where- fore t he ",fore said Factor Hoogenhouck, in the name and on 62. 1657. behalf of the above named ha s also anew accepted us as Vassals and Subjects of their High Mightinesses the Lords States aforesaid together with the General Chartered West India Company; promising us that now, and at all ~~ffies times, they will hold us and cause us to be held as such, and take us into such protection as faithful and obedient vassals could or may enjoy from their Sovereigns. All of which aforesaid, we promise we will keep imviolable and valid now and always; thereunder pledging our persons and goods, moveable and immovable, none excepted. Where- fore we have signed this with our hands in the market town (vleck) I LONY, in t he aforesaid District JOUMORE, the 16th day of January in the year of our Lord 1657. This is the X mark of This is the X mark of POKOE MANIPERINJOU. Captain. (Packa) BODY. Braffo. (Maniperiou) This is the X mark of PARDINA. This is the X mark of This is the X mark of ECHALMINA. ELIACUME. (Eliamine) This is the X mark of ESEMPRE. (sgd) Adriaen Hogenhouck. (Attestation clause signed by Nicolaas Jurien, and Johan Albertsz.) (Note. The marks and names are copied from Versp WI. stulken 1162 (a copy). There are no names or marks at the end of the copy in WIC.oc.12. The date of the copy in Doorman is loth January 1654, but the year 1657 in the a bove copies seems clearly to be correct.) 1657. 63. "Act of Cession and fransfer (Cess ie en Opdragt) of the SABOU Beach, of the Hill CONG, and the appurtenances thereof, by the King and Chiefs (Opperste) of the District SABOU, for the be hoof of the Honourable General Chartered We st India Company." (Translated from the original in WIC.oc.12. Copies also in Versp. WI.stukken , 1162, pp.313-316, -from which above heading is taken-: in st. Gen. Loket Kas,Zweden,38: Ibid, Deenemarcke, 41. Also printed in De Jonge, App. IV, p.43. ) We, ABEEDOE INTIN King, A1lPA brother of the King, and ACOYANY ABEEDOE, AMANFIN Tiamy, Caboceros or Chiefs (Hoofdlieden) of ~he District ZABOU, sit~te in Africa on the Coast of Guinea, make known to all who shall see or hear read these Presents, that for a considerable peri- od of years afte r the erection of the Fort Nassauw, disputes and great disturbances have many times arisen and grown between us and the Netherland Nation because of the same possession, which they claimed had been granted and agreed to wiyh them for our beaches (for the protection which they accorded to us against the violence of the Portuguese) to the exclusion of all other Nations, but which we sustain the contrary, since about the build- ing of Fort Nassaaw. we did not know that this was thought of; which disputes and differences through the long dura- tion of time having continually become still worse, with- out we perceiv-ing any means suitable for the removal th r eof, so that matters would finally come to break out into ruptUre with the aforesaid Netherlands ation, entire- ly against our will; like as also was represented by the thdir Director General Johan Valckenburch on behalf of th forenamed Nation, who endeavoured amiCably to mediate , settle,and arrange the matters to the satisfaction of both sides. About which, then, divers meetings and confer- enc s being appointed, ~ve:ything was fiaally brought so far that it was mutually arranged and agreed , to the satis- faction of each, in that manner that we, both for ourselves and our successors, by these !resents, deliver ~nd transfer (oV61'geven en opdragen) into the hands of the ' foresaid Johan Valckenburch, Director General of the ether lands N'tion, for the behoof, profit, and general benefit of the High and ghty ords the States General of the United Netherlands and the General Chartered rest Injia Company, 64. 1657. the entire beach of our Di ~trict, as that extends from the Fort Nassauw, Eastwards as far as to the FANTYNS territory E§9~iet), like as Westwards from the same Fort, as far as to the Hill CONG, and from the aforesaid CONG, still further Westward as far as to the "jurisdiction" of FUTU:like as we hereby deliver and transfer the same, once and for all, and for ever as aforesaid, without reserving. to ourselves any right, action, or claim, whereby we should hereafter be at liberty, or be em- powered, or have authority to grant to any other Nation or peoples, any towns or places, in order to be able to do trade, or build houses, forts, or lodges there, nay, not even to come on shore, nor to be able to do anY- thing that should be contrary hereto and come to en- croach upon the right of the Netherlands West India Company, who shall be empo~ered to dispose in such a way, against all and everyone who should wish to pre- judice them herein, a s against those who should wish to deprive them of that which they have possessed in inheri- tance for ever. In the which we faithfully promise always to assist and support them; for we absolutely abandon (afstant doen) and renounce our right to the aforesaid beach anntion of the voyage. They hereby expressly protest that the aforesaid promise, or the written document thereof, shall not be able to, nor ~ay, prejudice, nor be injurio~s to either them or the other participants in the least. And so ~bat this may at all times appear,the Appearers have requested me,Not .Pub. to take note of the afsd ,and to grant them one or more ocmts thereof, in order to make use thereof as necessary in due course. All done at Amsterdam in presence of witnesses •••• Qupd Attestor/ P.Buytene/ Notary Public. 82. 1657. Extract from Kay Larsen. "De Danske i Guinea". (p.14.) The Swedish war broke out. From the Danish side everything wa s done to stop the Swedish Guinea trade, and to strengthen the Danish power on the Coa st. The Swedes had begun to establish Lodges at Taccoaary and Annemabo, a nd had, in all respects, advanced much further than the Danes out there. The Rostocker, Heinrich Carloff, who had, for a time, been Commandant at G&~~aae Carolusborg, and governed the Swedish Afrbcan Company's possessions in Guineai,and was later a co-director, with his seat at Hamburg, got into a dispute with the rest of his co-ddirectors, who accused him of trading in Guinea on his own account. The dis~ pute was settled, but lTRitterlT Carloff shortly afterwards resigned his appointment. He moved to Emden, and from there offered his services to the Danish King. King Frederik III acc ept ed the offer and ordered him to try and take possession of the Swedish places on the Guinea Coast; and gave him the right to carryon piracy against the country's enemies. In the autumn of 1657, Carloff sailed from Emden, with a Vanish ship of 18 guns and 48 men. The ship a r rived safely at GEMORIE, where Carloff obtained information of the state of the Swedish Forts, which for a long time had received no provisions from home, and continued his voyage eastwards • ••• Extract from Nisbet Ba in, "Scandinavia". (p.242.) ••• On 15th April 1657, Frederick III, king of Denmark desired, and on 23rd April received, the as sent of t he majority of the Senate to a declaration of war against Sweden. In the beginning of May the still pen~ing negotiations with Sweden were broken off and, on 1st June 1657, Frederick signed the manifesto justifying a war which was never forma l l y declared. Denmark, ill-equipped at home and unsupported abroad, had lightly taken a step which was to bring her to the very verge of ruin. ••• )Note. for further events of the war, auring 1657, vide, ibid, pp. 242-244.) 1657. 83. Noves from Aitzema, "Saken van Staet en Oorlogh", Vol IV. p. 46. French Affairs. "France continued as yet, in the to p.69.beginning of the year, to annoy the ships of the State in the Meditetrranean , by rigorous examination •••• n De Thou, Ambassador, hither. Ruyter takes two French ships. Cardinal Mazarin very disturbed. Netherland ships and goods arrested in France. &c &c. p.92. Sweden. n Denmark. Measurements (of ships). p.93. Instructions of States General to th=ir extraordinary Ambassadors to Sweden, re elucidation of the Treaty of Ebbing pp. 138-168. Further re ~lucidation of Tr eaty of Blbing (Appelboom), and re Swedo-Danish war p. 97 . Swedish Minister Durrel's departure from Denmark, and his protest. pp. 99-100. Declaration by King Frederick of Denmark of his motives for taking up arms aga inst Sweden, (set out in full). p. 100. Frederick's lett er, 15th June 1657, to the States General, transmitting the same. p. 100-102. Treaty of Alliance, Copenhagen, 17th June 1657, between Denmark and the States General. p. 104-106. Project 'l'reaty of Marine , St.Gen. &: Denmark. pp. 107-115. Portugal. Draft ~reaty for settlemnt of dif- ferences over-Brazil & st Thome. NeJotiations thereon. pp. 133-136. English affairs. Proteetor to be elected King. &c &c. (End of 1657) ======= 84. 1657. Note for P. 79. The Dutch text o~ Art 2. o~ the Capitulation reads as ~ollows:- 2. Wanneer hij, Caerlof~, door sijn vlijt en dapp~rheit, het Casteel soo die Sweetsche Africaansche Compo in Guinea gebouwt, door Goddelijcke hulpe veroeer- en mochte, soo sal hij weI soodanich Casteel als hem weegens sijner vordering toebehoort, doch tot onsen dienste behouden ter tijt hij ons de verovering geadvis- eert, ofte oock in per soon s vlfs k~nt gemakt heeft: op welcken val hij, soo verre wegens Stabilieringe een Africaan Company van ons met hem gehandelt werden kan, hij ons aldaar (aldaar?) soodanick Casteel met artillerie ammunitie en aIle toebehoor in billicken prijse sal over- laten, ende den beloop desselfs, en wat hij meer aen gelt daerbij wil leggen, voor sijn Capitaal in soodanige Compo in te brengen schuldig sijn, daarvan hij dan Directeur Generaal van ons sal gekent en aengenomen werden, mits genietende voor sijm provisie een gewisse pro Cento. Maar wanne ~r na verovering soodanich Casteel, men niet l~st hadde in onse Rijcken,Vorstendommen, ~nde ~ande, _'--.. "_ - ... ~ . '" _"..,.I eene Africaansche Compo aentevangen, als dan sal Caer- loff soodanich Casteel aen andere, ons niet tegens sijnde, sijnes believens, overlaten.