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Item Alcohol consumption and fruits and vegetable intake among older adults in Ghana: a cross-sectional survey based on WHO-SAGE Wave 2 data(BMJ Nutrition, Prevention & Health, 2020) Tachi, K.; Tetteh, J.; Archampong, T.; et.alBackground Alcohol consumption and inadequate fruits and vegetable (FnV) intake are major reasons for the shift from communicable to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) over the years. The older Ghanaian adult is at high risk of NCD and data on alcohol and FnV consumption are required to guide policy to mitigate its effect. This analysis aimed to determine the factors associated with alcohol consumption and assess the relationship between alcohol consumption and FnV intake among Ghanaians aged 50 years and older. Methods This analysis used WHO Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health (SAGE) Wave 2, Ghana data set conducted between 2014 and 2015. Data on demographic characteristics, FnV intake, and alcohol consumption were collated and analysed. Multivariable Poisson, logistic and probit regression analyses were performed to assess the associations between alcohol consumption and inadequate FnV intake. Results A total of 3533 Ghanaians aged 50 years and older, 41.0% men and 59.0% women, were included in this study. The prevalence of lifetime alcohol consumption was 22.8% (95% CI 20.7% to 25.1%). Alcohol consumption was significantly associated with sex, age group, marital status, religion, place of residence and history of smoking. The prevalence of adequate FnV intake was 52.6% with a mean daily intake of 6.45 servings: 2.98 for fruits and 3.47 for vegetables. There was a significant positive correlation between inadequate FnV intake and alcohol consumption. Inadequate FnV consumption was significantly higher among lifetime alcohol consumers compared with non alcohol consumers. (Poisson estimate; adjusted Prevalence Ratio (aPR) (95% CI)=1.35 (1.12 to 1.63), logistic estimate; adjusted Old Ratio (aOR) (95% CI)=1.13 (1.05 to 1.21) and probit estimate; adjusted normalized coefficient (aβ) (95% CI)=0.19 (0.07 to 0.31)) Conclusion About a quarter and nearly half of older Ghanaian adults consume alcohol and inadequate FnV, respectively. Alcohol consumption is significantly associated with inadequate FnV intake. Interventions to address inadequate FnV intake among older adults in Ghana should also include policies that regulate the use of alcohol in this population.Item Ambiguous genitalia: clinical management of adult female with male assigned gender: a case report(Journal of Medical Case Reports, 2021-07) Ali, M.A.; Donkor, Y.O.; Mensah, J.E.; Ayamba, M.Background: Disorders of sex development are anomalies in which the development of urogenital ridge is undif‑ ferentiated for the male and female child. Imaging plays a vital role in investigating the gross anatomy and associated anomalies. Ultrasonography, such as genitography and magnetic resonance, is the primary modality for demonstrat‑ ing internal gonads and genitalia. Early multidisciplinary approach in the management of ambiguous genitalia includ‑ ing early surgical intervention is the predominant practice, with few current considerations on deferral of genital reconstruction until adolescent age. Case presentation: We report the rare case of a 24-year-old adult female from a majority ethnic group of the Volta region, Ghana who was diagnosed and raised as male, now requiring surgical restoration to the female gender. The surgical team decided to assign external genitalia to correspond with the already intact internal organs, thus con‑ structing the vulva. Consent was given by the client and her family members for management and surgical interven‑ tion. The surgery was scheduled and duly performed with a successful outcome. Understanding and consent was sought from the patient for the purpose of using her images for teaching, scientific publication, and demonstrations. Conclusion: The advantages of deferring surgical reconstruction with psychological counseling after early assessment need to be considered to prevent inappropriate gender assignmentItem Anatomy and blood supply of the urethra and penis(Urethral Reconstructive Surgery, 2006-01) Quartey, J.K.M.The penis is made up of three cylindrical erectile bodies. The pendulous anterior portion hangs from the lower anterior surface of the symphysis pubis. The two dorsolateral corpora cavernosa are fused together, with an incomplete septum dividing them. The third and smaller corpus spongiosum lies in the ventral groove between the corpora cavernosa, and is traversed by the centrally placed urethra. Its distal end is expanded into a conical glans, which is folded dorsally and proximally to cover the ends of the corpora cavernosa and ends in a prominent ridge, the corona. The corona passes laterally and then curves distally to meet in a V ventrally and anterior to the frenulum, a fold of skin just proximal to the external urethral meatus. The erectile tissue of the corpora cavernosa is made up of blood spaces lined by endothelium enclosed in a tough fibroelastic covering, the tunica albuginea. The corpus spongiosum is smaller with a much thinner tunica albuginea, and its erectile tissue surrounds the urethra. Proximally, at the base of the pendulous penis, the corpora cavernosa separate to become the crura, which are attached to the inferomedial margins of the pubic arch and adjoining inferior surface of the urogenital diaphragm. The corpus spongiosum becomes expanded into the bulb, which is adherent in the midline to the inferior surface of the urogenital diaphragm. This is the fixed part of the penis, and is known as the root of the penis. The urethra runs in the dorsal part of the bulb and makes an almost right-angled bend to pass superiorly through the urogenital diaphragm to become the membranous urethra.Item Associated factors of diet quality among people living with HIV/AIDS in Ghana(BMC Nutrition, 2024) Abdulai, K.; Torpey, T.; Kotoh, A.M.; Laar, A.Introduction : Nutrition is a very important element of a comprehensive care for people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHIV), especially in resource-constrained settings where malnutrition and food insecurity are common. Dietary diversity is a useful indication of nutritional adequacy (diet quality) in people of all ages. An optimally diverse diet strengthens the body’s immune system. Objective This study aimed to assess diet quality and its associated factors among PLHIV. Methods A facility-based cross-sectional study design was employed to select 440 PLHIV from two hospitals in the Eastern Region of Ghana. Dietary intakes were determined using 24-hour recall. A stadiometer and bioimpedance analysis machine were used to obtain anthropometric and body composition data. Diet quality was assessed using FAO’s individual dietary diversity score (IDDS) as a proxy. SPSS version 20 was used for analysis. Odds ratios and ordinal logistic regression were used to identify factors associated with diet quality among the PLHIV. P-value was set at 0.05. Results Most of the PLHIV (73%) consumed from ‘Starchy staple” food group. Less than 20% of the study sample consumed ‘Fruits’ and ‘Vegetables’ (17% and 14% respectively) a day before the survey. The mean IDDS was 4.11 (SD=1.29). Overall, most of the PLHIV (56%) had medium IDDS which is equivalent to “diet needing improvement’, 14% had higher IDDS (good diet), whiles about 31% of the participants actually had poor diet (lower IDDS). Associated factors of diet quality were age (AOR=0.966: 95%CI: 0.936–0.997: p=0.031), married (AOR=4.634: 95%CI: 1.329– 16.157: p=0.0016), separated (AOR=0.0203: 95%CI: .036–0.994: p=0.049), and daily meal frequency (AOR=0.441: 95%CI: .478–1.948: p=0.020). Overall, the model accounts for about 20% of the variation in diet quality of the participants (pseudo-R square=0.196). Conclusion This study demonstrates that most of the PLHIV did not consume good diet which may have an implication on their immune system, which is already under attack by HIV, and probably emerging infections. Age, marital status, and meal frequency were the variables that predicted diet quality among the study participants.Item Availability, acceptability, and utilization of micronutrient fortification for children 6-23 months in three districts in Ghana(World Nutrition, 2024) Donkor, W.E.S.; Boadu, I.; Babae, P.; et al.Background Micronutrient deficiencies result from multiple factors, including inadequate intake of micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) from nutrient-rich diverse diets. Point-of-use fortification with a nutritional supplement powder is recommended to address micronutrient deficiencies and anemia among infants and young children (6-23 months), particularly, in low-income countries. In Ghana, about a quarter of children aged 6-59 months are anemic, or deficient in iron and vitamin A. World Vision Ghana (WVG) implemented the integrated Improved Feeding Practices (IFP) project between 2020 and 2023 in three districts in Ghana to improve diet quality and practices of women of reproductive age, and young children below age two years. One component of the project involved the distribution of a nutritional supplement powder (KOKO Plus). This is the second in a series of four papers that document the implementation and outcomes of the IFP project; the other papers are published in this journal. The current paper assessed the availability, acceptability, and utilization of KOKO Plus to households who participated in the IFP project as well as lessons learned from implementing the intervention. Methods A mixed-methods design was used, triangulating primary and secondary data. Secondary data originated from a review of IFP project documents, including project mid-year and annual reports, and implementation plans across the three interdependent components of the IFP project. Primary data were obtained from interviews in six purposively selected communities. Key informants included WVG staff, community volunteers, and local government agency staff from health and agriculture sector agencies, and beneficiaries of the intervention. Interview respondents answered questions on the project’s mechanism for KOKO Plus distribution, participant experiences of purchasing and using KOKO Plus, perceived benefits of using KOKO Plus, and lessons learned about KOKO Plus from the IFP project. Beneficiaries also provided information on their perceptions of KOKO Plus acceptability and adverse outcomes. Results The project distributed KOKO Plus free of charge to almost 14,000 (13,942) children, more than its target (4,900). In addition, Village-Based Entrepreneurs (VBE) sold 192,092 sachets of KOKO Plus in the project communities. The KOKO Plus value chain involved WVG purchased the KOKO Plus from the Ghanaian manufacturer and supplied it to VBEs either in their respective communities or at distribution centers in their respective WVG district office. KOKO Plus promotion and marketing were led by trained VBEs, VBE supervisors, and Community-Based Organizations across multiple settings (homes, child welfare clinics, markets, community durbars, and religious gatherings). There was high acceptability of KOKO Plus. Mothers attributed their acceptance of KOKO Plus to its a Corresponding author: raryeetey@ug.edu.gh 33 potential health and nutrition benefits for children. They also attributed increased child weight, and less frequent illness, to feeding meals that included KOKO Plus to their young children. KOKO Plus was added to the diverse local meals fed to young children. Diarrhea was the only mentioned adverse report, albeit rarely. At the end of the IFP project, WVG established a fund to ensure the sustainable distribution of KOKO Plus in the project communities. Conclusions The IFP project established a KOKO Plus value chain, increasing the availability, accessibility, acceptability, and utilization of KOKO Plus in the project communities. VBE successfully distributed KOKO Plus with support from community volunteers and healthcare workers. This approach to KOKO Plus distribution is feasible and sustainable and is recommended for similar contexts.Item Changing landscape of public health and medical education curriculum(Ghana Medical Journal, 2018-09) Ofori-Adjei, D.The landscape of public health in many sub-Saharan African countries has been changing rapidly over the past few decades. Marked changes have been seen in the demographic structure of populations, economics, lifestyle changes, social upheavals (war and migration) and these have impacted disease patterns. The population structure indicates that the workforce age band is showing a bulge and life expectancy is ris-ing with an increasingly elderly population. The eco-nomic status of many of these sub-Saharan countries are said to be improving with changes in status from low income to low middle income status. Newer health technologies have influenced the diagnos-ing, assessment and treatment of health problems. Pub-lic health challenges are transitioning from communica-ble diseases to non-communicable diseases, with no discernible reduction in infections, such that sub-Saharan African countries are said to be suffering from the double burden of disease. This change has risen to such levels that non-communicable diseases are rapidly becoming major causes of morbidity and mortality. While some communicable diseases remain endemic, several strategies exist for minimising their health ef-fects. Outbreaks of new and emerging infections have exposed the inadequacies of the health systems, such as occurred with the recent outbreak of Ebola virus disease in West Africa.Item Colour Atlas of Children’s Diseases(Office of Research, Innovation and Development, University of Ghana, Legon, 2023) Badoe, E.A distillation of clinical experience starting off as “what you should know” about a disease condition and then differential diagnosis for a disease state. It is written in a straightforward, easy-to-digest format. It covers virtually every clinical condition a student is likely to meet during training and subsequent years. The Atlas is targeted at medical students and early trainees in the field of Paediatrics who wish to improve their knowledge in the shortest possible time. Nurses and other allied Health Professionals may find the atlas useful as they try to understand the varied cases that may present to them on the wards. It is recommended that standard textbooks in Paediatrics are consulted for more information on the images shown.A distillation of clinical experience starting off as “what you should know” about a disease condition and then differential diagnosis for a disease state. It is written in a straightforward, easy-to-digest format. It covers virtually every clinical condition a student is likely to meet during training and subsequent years. The Atlas is targeted at medical students and early trainees in the field of Paediatrics who wish to improve their knowledge in the shortest possible time. Nurses and other allied Health Professionals may find the atlas useful as they try to understand the varied cases that may present to them on the wards. It is recommended that standard textbooks in Paediatrics are consulted for more information on the images shown.Item Counting adolescents in: the development of an adolescent health indicator framework for population-based settings(Elsevier Ltd., 2023) Manu, A.Changing realities in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) in terms of inequalities, urbanization, globalization, migration, and economic adversity shape adolescent development and health, as well as successful transitions be tween adolescence and young adulthood. It is estimated that 90% of adolescents live in LMICs in 2019, but inade quate data exist to inform evidence-based and concerted policies and programs tailored to address the distinctive developmental and health needs of adolescents. Population-based data surveillance such as Health and Demographic Surveillance Systems (HDSS) and school-based surveys provide access to a well-defined population and provide cost-effective opportunities to fill in data gaps about adolescent health and well-being by collecting population representative longitudinal data. The Africa Research Implementation Science and Education (ARISE) Network, therefore, systematically developed adolescent health and well-being indicators and a questionnaire for measuring these indicators that can be used in population-based LMIC settings. We conducted a multistage collaborative and iterative process led by network members alongside consultation with health-domain and adolescent health experts globally. Seven key domains emerged from this process: socio-demographics, health awareness and behaviors; nutrition; mental health; sexual and reproductive health; substance use; and healthcare utilization. For each domain, we generated a clear definition; rationale for inclusion; sub-domain descriptions, and a set of questions for mea surement. The ARISE Network will implement the questionnaire longitudinally (i.e., at two time-points one year apart) at ten sites in seven countries in sub-Saharan Africa and two countries in Asia. Integrating the questionnaire within established population-based data collection platforms such as HDSS and school settings can provide measured experiences of young people to inform policy and program planning and evaluation in LMICs and improve adolescent health and well-beingItem COVID-19 is a trigger for transformation in pharmacy education for West Africa(Pharmacy Education, 2020) Duwiejua, M.The novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has irreversibly disrupted key services including education. Terms like the ‘new normal’ reflect the lost hope of returning to pre-COVID times. This editorial describes the challenges and responses of educators and governments in West Africa to COVID-19. To avert further harm posed to pharmacy education and practice, the publication advocates for innovation. Pharmacy leaders in West Africa are challenged to look On the other side of the coin, avoid inefficient panic-driven solutions and seek opportunities for change in the challenges. The paper provides a direction for change and specifically identifies collaboration with partners within the region and beyond including quality continuous professional development programmes for leadership development, re-training of educators and practitioner development.Item Did Ghana Do Enough? A Scientometric Analysis of COVID-19 Research Output from Ghana within the African Context(MDPI, 2023) Yalley, A. K.; Ahiatrogah, S.; Yalley, A. B.; et al.Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has generated worldwide research efforts to provide knowledge about the disease. Yet little is known about how Ghana contributed to this critical knowledge production. This scientometric analysis was conducted to ascertain Ghana’s COVID-19 research output within the African context to gain understanding and identify potential future directions. The study retrieved relevant research, spanning 2019 to 2022, from the Scopus database in December 2022. The retrieved data were assessed using various established indices, including collaboration patterns, productive institutions, citation patterns, and major research sponsors, among others. Ghana came seventh in Africa with a total of 1112 publications. For international collaborations, the United States and the United Kingdom were the major partners, while South Africa was the main African collaborator with Ghana. Out of the top 21 most productive authors, 85.7% were males and 14.3% were females, demonstrating a great gender gap in research output in Ghana. Although Ghana has made some contributions to the global COVID-19 research output, there are few intra-continental research collaborations, which limits Africa’s overall research output. Our study demonstrates a critical need for the Ghanaian government to prioritize research and funding and address barriers to women’s research productivityItem Financing reproductive health services in Africa: The role of aid, insurance, user fees and general taxation(Reproductive Health, Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction in Africa: Frameworks of Analysis, 2010) Enyimayew, N.Financing Reproductive Health Services in Africa: The Role of Aid, Insurance, User fees and General Taxation Nana Enyimayew Without appropriate financial resources, scaling up effective reproductive health interventions in order to achieve the Millennium Development Goal for maternal health (MDG 5)1 will be virtually impossible. Yet little is known about how much is currently being invested in reproductive health services within African countries or whether levels of funding are changing. Estimates place the additional funding requirements to attain universal coverage at a minimum of US$7 billion per year. Other estimates suggest that even greater investments are needed. Irrespective of the precise figure, the conclusion is clear: the financing gap represents a substantial sum in relation to domestic budgets. Adequate, well-managed financing of public health systems in general continues to elude most countries. The difficulty is especially severe in low-income countries, most of which are in Africa, whose health systems struggle with meagre and inequitably distributed resources. Additionally, access to services for the most disadvantaged is usually very poor, further reducing the benefit of already scarce resources for those most in need. Success or otherwise of different health financing strategies is critical in determining the fate of such populations and therefore needs to be documented and presented to inform the development of right policies. Filling the information gaps requires appropriately designed and executed research. At minimum, reproductive health (RH) services may be defined as those activities whose primary purpose is to restore, improve and maintain the health of women and their newborns during pregnancy, childbirth and the seven-day postnatal period. This chapter provides an update of the current knowledge of financing of RH services in Africa and suggests a framework for further research in these areas. It also presents examples of national and regional efforts to adopt and implement financing policies that aim to address national objectives of access, equity, quality and appropriate utilisation of RH services to meet MDG 5 by 2015. Issues of exemptions, subsidies and efficiency are also discussed within the scope of financing RH services. A review of basic services is presented in Table 5.1. Reproductive Health, Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction in Africa 108 Table 5.1: Range of reproductive health services Category of care Interventions Antenatal care Basic antenatal care Management of severe anaemia Treatment of malaria Management of syphilis, gonorrhoea and Chlamydia Normal delivery care Clean and safe delivery Post-partum care Basic newborn care Essential obstetric care Management of eclampsia, sepsis, haemorrhage and abortion complications, plus provision of emergency caesarean section Family planning Family planning information and services Other Prevention and treatment of HIV/AIDS How Much Do Reproductive Health Services Cost? Information from various sources suggests that the per capita cost of providing a package of reproductive health services ranges between US$0.5 and US$6.0 (Weissman et al., 1999; World Bank, 1993). Global costs for reproductive health are estimated at US$7 billion dollars per year till 2015 while analyses done using the methodology of the UN Millennium Project suggest that family planning programmes in Africa alone would increase from US$270 million in 2006 to nearly US$500 million by 2015 (Cleland et al., 2006). A selection of per capita cost estimates is presented in Table 5.2. Table 5.2: Per capita cost estimates for reproductive health services Service Cost (US$) Mother and Baby package (1) 0.5 (current level of service provision) Uganda 1999 1.4–1.8 (standard level of service) WDR Global 1993 (2) 4.0 Making Motherhood Safe (3) 2.0–6.0 Range 0.5–6.0 Sources: (1) Weissman et al. (1999); (2) World Development Report (World Bank, 1993); (3) Ransom and Yinger (2002). Making Motherhood Safer. The wide range of costs reflects the practical difficulty facing service providers, researchers, policy makers and society in general in meeting the requirements for accurate estimates of reproductive health care costs. These include defining the boundaries of RH, and standardising the content and quality of a given package of care. Questions that continue to engage service providers and policy makers are; How much do reproductive health services at household, community and country level Financing Reproductive Health Services in Africa 109 cost? How much must governments and society spend on RH services to achieve national and global targets. What should be the minimum content of a standard package of care if countries in resource-constrained environments are to meet their targets? Global estimates provide a useful guide to...Item Forensic Science and the Forensic Biochemist(Office of Research, Innovation and Development, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra Ghana., 2023) Korkor, A.G.Forensic science has received more attention lately and this has led burgeoning of University courses being embedded with it. This book has new case studies with probable exams - oriented questions as well as uncovering the various activities of the forensic biochemist and the need for standardization of protocols. Target group for this book include undergraduates, postgraduates, researchers, and forensic practitioners.Item Forensic Science and The Forensic Biochemist First Edition(Office of Research, Innovation and Development, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra Ghana., 2023) Korkor, A.G.Forensic science has received more attention lately and this has led burgeoning of University courses being embedded with it. This book has new case studies with probable exams - oriented questions as well as uncovering the various activities of the forensic biochemist and the need for standardization of protocols. Target group for this book include undergraduates, postgraduates, researchers, and forensic practitioners.Item Ghana Medical Journal (Index of 1962-2013)(Ghana Medical Journal, 2014) Sackey, A.H.The Ghana Medical Journal (GMJ), a product of the Ghana Medical Association (GMA), was first published in September 1962. The first edition contained a message from Osagyefo Dr Kwame Nkrumah, President of Ghana and GMA patron, in which he expressed the hope that the “GMJ will afford the means of disseminating medical knowledge among yourselves and your colleagues throughout Africa and beyond”, and “May the pages of the Journal demonstrate the tireless efforts of medical men all over the world in the crusade against disease and ill health.”Item Hearing impairment among chronic kidney disease patients on haemodialysis at a tertiary hospital in Ghana(Ghana Medical Journal, 2019-09) Boateng, J.O.; Boafo, N.; Osafo, C.; Anim-Sampong, S.Background: Chronic kidney disease is a major public health challenge, globally. Inadequate excretion of metabolic waste products by the kidneys results in circulation of these toxic materials in the body. This can cause damage to tissues and organ systems including the auditory system which can lead to hearing loss. Aim: The study was aimed at determining the prevalence, degrees and types of hearing impairment among Chronic kidney disease patients on haemodialysis in Ghana. Methods: A case-control study involving 50 Chronic Kidney disease patients and 50 age and gender-matched control group was carried out at the Korle Bu Teaching Hospital (KBTH). A structured questionnaire was administered to obtain basic socio-demographic data and case history of the participants. Audiological assessment was performed using a test battery comprising otoscopy, tympanometry and pure tone audiometry in a soundproof booth. Results: Higher hearing thresholds were recorded across all the frequencies tested among the case group than the control group (p < 0.05) in both ears. Only sensorineural hearing loss was identified among the cases. The prevalence of hearing loss was 32% among the case group and 12% among the control group. No significant association was observed between hearing loss and duration of Chronic kidney disease (p = 0.16), gender of Chronic kidney disease patient and hearing loss (p = 0.88), and duration of Chronic kidney disease and degree of hearing loss (p=0.31). Conclusion: Our study showed that Chronic Kidney disease patients on haemodialysis are at higher risk of experiencing hearing loss.Item Highly Prevalent Hyperuricaemia Is Associated With Adverse Clinical Outcomes Among Ghanaian Stroke Patients: an Observational Prospective Study(Ghana Medical Journal, 2015-09) Sarfo, F.S.; Akassi, J.; Antwi, N.K.B.; Obese, V.; Adamu, S.; Akpalu, A.; Bedu-Addo, G.Background: Although a direct causal relationship between hyperuricaemia and stroke continues to be debated, strong associations between serum uric acid (SUA) and cerebrovascular disease exist. Very few studies have been conducted to evaluate the frequency and association between this potentially modifiable biomarker of vascular risk and stroke in sub-Saharan Africa. Therefore the aim of this study was to examine the association between hyperuricaemia and the traditional risk factors and the outcomes of stroke in Ghanaian patients. Methods: In this prospective observational study, 147 patients presenting with stroke at a tertiary referral centre in Ghana were consecutively recruited. Patients were screened for vascular risk factors and SUA concentrations measured after an overnight fast. Associations between hyperuricaemia and stroke outcomes were analysed using Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards regression analysis. Results: The frequency of hyperuricaemia among Ghanaian stroke patients was 46.3%. Non-significant associations were observed between hyperuricaemia and the traditional risk factors of stroke. SUA concentration was positively correlated with stroke severity and associated with early mortality after an acute stroke with unadjusted hazards ratio of 2.3 (1.4 - 4.2, p=0.001). A potent and independent dose-response association between increasing SUA concentration and hazard of mortality was found on Cox proportional hazards regression, aHR (95% CI) of 1.65 (1.14-2.39), p=0.009 for each 100μmol/l increase in SUA. Conclusions: Hyperuricaemia is highly frequent and associated with adverse functional outcomes among Ghanaian stroke patients. Further studies are warranted to determine whether reducing SUA levels after a stroke would be beneficial within our setting.Item Infectious Disease Control in Ghana: Government's Interventions and Challenges to Malaria Eradication(Water and Sanitation-Related Diseases and the Environment: Challenges, Interventions, and Preventive Measures, 2011-10) Fobil, J.N.; May, J.; Kraemer, A.Introduction Ghana Malaria Control Initiatives-Past and Present Successes, Challenges, and Weaknesses of Control Strategies Conclusion and Recommendations ReferencesItem Introduction to Foodborne Infections and Intoxications Subtitle: An African Perspective(Office of Research, Innovation and Development, University of Ghana, Legon, 2023) Sampane-Donkor, E.; Kotey, F.C.N.; Darkwah, S.; Owusu, I.A.; Tetteh-Quarcoo, P.B.; Dayie, N.T.K.D.Foodborne infections and intoxications pose a significant global health threat, especially in Africa and other low-income regions. The goal of this book is to explore the intricate web of factors that influence foodborne infections in Africa. It delves into specific aspects of food safety, providing insights into the unique challenges and opportunities that Africa presents. By integrating disciplines such as microbiology, epidemiology, veterinary medicine, public health, and food science, the textbook advocates for a multidisciplinary approach to develop effective preventive measures, surveillance systems, and interventionsItem Introduction to Foodborne Infections and Intoxications Subtitle: An African Perspective(Office of Research, Innovation and Development, University of Ghana, Legon, 2023) Sampane-Donkor, E.; Kotey, F.C.N.; Darkwah, S.; Owusu, I.A.; Tetteh-Quarcoo, P.B.; Dayie, N.T.K.D.Foodborne infections and intoxications pose a significant global health threat, especially in Africa and other low-income regions. The goal of this book is to explore the intricate web of factors that influence foodborne infections in Africa. It delves into specific aspects of food safety, providing insights into the unique challenges and opportunities that Africa presents. By integrating disciplines such as microbiology, epidemiology, veterinary medicine, public health, and food science, the textbook advocates for a multidisciplinary approach to develop effective preventive measures, surveillance systems, and interventions.Item Introduction to Foodborne Infections and Intoxications Subtitle: An African Perspective(Office of Research, Innovation and Development, University of Ghana, Legon, 2024) Sampane-Donkor, E.; Kotey, F.C.N.; Darkwah, S.; Owusu, I.A.; Tetteh-Quarcoo, P.B.; Dayie, N.T.K.D.Foodborne infections and intoxications pose a significant global health threat, especially in Africa and other low-income regions. The goal of this book is to explore the intricate web of factors that influence foodborne infections in Africa. It delves into specific aspects of food safety, providing insights into the unique challenges and opportunities that Africa presents. By integrating disciplines such as microbiology, epidemiology, veterinary medicine, public health, and food science, the textbook advocates for a multidisciplinary approach to develop effective preventive measures, surveillance systems, and interventions.