Centre for Migration Studies

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Access to Basic Services among Male and Female-Headed Migrant Households in Old Fadama, Accra
(University of Ghana, 2017-07) Botchway, N.E.E.
Old Fadama is an informal settlement which lacks legal recognition and is often exempted from the city’s planning and development agenda. Basic services such as toilet, electricity, water, bathhouse and housing are often under pressure due to the high population within the area. Studies done on the accessibility of basic services within the area often focus on the migrant household as one unit without distinguishing between those of the male and female migrant households and their differences in accessibility of basic services. This study seeks to investigate the extent of financial and physical accessibility of basic services to the male and female- headed migrant households of Old Fadama. This study examined the physical and economic accessibility of basic services among male and female-headed migrant households within Old Fadama. In addition, it discussed their coping strategies as well as the effect of acessibility on their livelihoods. The study employed the use of the mixed method approach involving the issuing of seventy-two (72) and forty-eight (48) structured questionnaires to male and female-headed migrant households respectively. In-depth interviews were also conducted with officials from Ghana Water Company Limited, Accra Metropolitan Assembly, Electricity Company of Ghana, Land Use and Spatial Planning Authority, Ministry of Works and Housing as well as an opinion leader within the community. The study revealed that basic services such as water, toilet, bath house and waste collection bins were not found within the residence of male and female-headed migrant households. They therefore relied on informal vendors to provide them with these services, due to the refusal of service providers of these basic services to extend their services to them. Informal vendors charged exhorbitant prices forcing migrant households to develop various coping strategies so as to meet their household needs. Female-headed migrant households spent more than their male counterparts in accessing basic services. To meet household needs, they engaged in multiple livelihoods. Their male counterparts on the other hand, were willing but unable to engage in multiple livelihoods due to the lack of jobs and unavailable capital to start their own. Male households therefore relied more on their networks and agency than their female counterparts in order to access basic services or survive in the urban poor space of Old Fadama. The study recommended for a dialogue between the government and appropriate institutions about the future of Old Fadama which should include a possible relocation of the entire market and slum area to a more planned vicinity with a check on the sprouting of illegal structures. Additionally, it recommended a possible check on the activities of private vendors of water, waste, public toilets and baths as well as other services so as to prevent extortion by these businesses of urban poor individuals.
Acculturation of Ghanaian Muslims in Western Countries: The Case of Returnees in Accra.
(University Of Ghana, 2016-07) Ehuron, J.A.
Migrants in general face issues of adaptation in destination countries; this is most severe in the case of Muslim migrants in Western countries. Aftermath of the September 9/11 terrorist attack sparked controversy about Islam and Muslims being an enemy to Western countries. Other terrorist attacks such as Paris attacks, the Charlie Hebdo attack in the same city earlier in the year, including London 7/7, and the Madrid bombing in 2004, the Brussels three explosive bombing of March 2016 which killed 31 people and wounded 250 and other terrorist attacks in Western countries has positioned the Islamic faith and Muslims in general as an enemy to Western society and it’s ideals. Not only have these attacks demean Muslims but also the Al Shabaab militants attacks of 2013 at the Westgate mall that claimed about 27 lives and the March 2015, Garissa University college attack by the same group that claimed about 150 lives. Again the 1998 bombing of the US embassies in Nairobi, Kenya and Dares Salem led to about 200 deaths and 4000 injuries. As a result, this study sought to find out the challenges of Ghanaian Muslim Returnees in the course of their sojourn in Western countries. Using a qualitative interview technique, fifteen Muslim Returnees were interviewed. The data revealed that participants faced enormous challenges in their acculturation process during their stay in Western countries. As a result, participants adopted various coping mechanism to counter these hardships and challenges they faced in various destination countries. Permanent Return as a last resort was adopted by returnees who could not adjust to Western culture. This study therefore has added to the unwritten chapter of Ghanaian Muslims migrants in particular by providing an in-depth analysis and discussion about the hardships and challenges they face in the course of their sojourn in Western countries. Again their coping mechanisms employed are highlighted.
An Analysis of Children’s Concerns in Migration Legal Instruments in Ghana
(University of Ghana, 2012-07) Agoe, P.A.
Migration has become a phenomenon that affects the lives of many people today. Children are affected as well in diverse ways by migration. Most countries lack comprehensive policies on migration which can harness its gains for mutual benefits and reduce its negative impacts. Meanwhile, migration has become a major process in many populations, including Ghana’s. Children have also been participating in migration in various ways; as independent migrants, as moving along with migrating parents or other adults and as left behind by their migrant parents. It is against the background that migration laws and other instruments do not often have perspectives of children considered that the present study examined how existing laws in Ghana related to migration have concerns, if any of children. Ghana was the first country to have ratified the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), yet there are serious situations that threaten their rights and wellbeing such as the negative effects of migration that are probably not addressed with policies or legal instruments. Other situations of migration also make them vulnerable to separation from families, exploitation and abuse. Meanwhile, the Millennium Summit of the UN held in 2000 adopted eight goals popularly known as the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs); and most target children. The present study examined the following laws (legal instruments), The Immigration Act, 2000 (Act 573), The Citizenship Act, 2000 (Act 591), The Refugee Law, 1992 (PNDCL 305D) and The Human Trafficking Act, 2005 (Act 694), and the finding show that it is The Human Trafficking Act, 2005 that explicitly mentions children and their concerns. The study argues that it is important that migration laws and policies have concerns of children considered. Children should be specifically mentioned in them and their needs adequately provided.
An Analysis of Trading Activities, Contributions and Integration of Nigerian Traders in Ghana
(University Of Ghana, 2017-07) Asante, K.
This study examines the trading activities, contributions and integration of Nigerian traders in Ghana. The study explores more specifically, the study examines the migration processes, trading activities, livelihood strategies and integration of Nigerian traders in Ghana. The study employs the Push-pull and social network theories in explaining the factors responsible for the migration of Nigerian traders to Ghana. The study in general indicates that factors such as economic opportunities peace and stability in Ghana as well as the free movement ECOWAS Protocol were among the key determinants of their migration. However, they relied extensively on social networks in facilitating their migration to Ghana and these networks also supported them in their integration and adaptation process in Ghana. While their presence within the trading sector had increased competition between them and Ghanaians, the study also reveals various contribution been made by the traders in Ghana including the introduction of new ways of doing business. It also identifies the creation of employment opportunities where 69% had employed at least one Ghanaian in their businesses. Some had acquired properties such as houses, shops and commercial vehicles which serve to boost the economy and infrastructure in the country. The challenges facing the traders in Ghana include harassment at the borders and ports, agitation by Ghanaian traders, the recent power outages experienced in Ghana and the relatively high cost of living compared to Nigeria. Recommendations are therefore made to improve the provision of utility services especially electricity and the removal of the bottlenecks at the ports, borders and the acquisition of resident and work permit from the immigration office.
An Assessment of Migration Process, Livelihood, Challenges and Coping Strategies of Migrant Traffic Entrepreneurs in the Ga-East District, Accra
(university of Ghana, 2018-07) Ocloo, C.E.
Rural poverty and regional difference in social and infrastructural development has resulted in the high rate of rural-urban migration. This has brought about the rapid urbanization which results unmet demand for jobs and other opportunities. Many are now engaged in traffic entrepreneur business as a source of livelihood for their dependants and families both at the destination and origin. In pursuance of their source of livelihood which is selling on the street, traffic entrepreneurs are faced with the resistance from the Ga-East Municipal Assembly city authorities who view their activities as illegal and a distortion to urban aesthetics. Traffic entrepreneurs in the quest to make a living, sometimes ignore rules and regulations that govern the use of urban space. This results in traffic entrepreneurs using unapproved public space for their activities. Municipal authorities and taskforce are forced to use means like demolition, decongestion and fining of offender to regulate their activities. This study therefore sought to explore the challenges migrant traffic entrepreneurs encounter and some coping strategies they have adopted in the Ga-East District. Specifically , the study tries to explore the socio-demographic characteristics of the migrants traffic entrepreneurs ; the factors that influence them to migrate to Accra; to examine the relationship between traffic entrepreneurs and city Authorities; to find out the challenges the face on daily basis; to find out and the coping and adaptation strategies they have developed to overcome these challenges and to examine the effect of migration on their livelihoods and those of their families at both the destination and origin. The mixed method approach which involves using both the qualitative and quantitative method was used in this study to gather data from 100 traffic entrepreneurs who have migrated to Accra for the survey questionnaires, in-depth interview of 6 informants and 6 key informants from the Ga-East Municipal Assembly. Purposive sampling was used to select the respondents for the interview. The study revealed that traffic entrepreneurs are often evicted from doing business in unapproved open public space by the Task force of the Ga-East Municipal Assembly .Traffic entrepreneurs have also adopted strategies to avoid the hurdles of constant eviction from the pavement and open public places by the Municipal taskforce. Some recommendations have been made at the end of the survey to regularize the activities of traffic entrepreneurs effectively and how the city officials can have a better relation with them.
Assessment of the Ecowas Protocol on Free Movement of Persons, Right of Residence and Establishment (The Case of Elubo Border).
(University of Ghana, 2018-07) Marmon-Halm, N.N.K.M.
The main aim of the study was to assess the implementation of the ECOWAS Protocol on free movement of persons, rights of residence and establishment. For this, the mixed method of data collection was used which formed the basic design for the study. Using the convenient method, 84 travellers and 30 officers were sampled to respond to structured questionnaires and semi interview questions respectively. Data was analysed using quantitative and qualitative methods and the results triangulated. Results of the study indicated that most respondents do not have any knowledge of the ECOWAS Protocol whereas a few of the respondents affirmed to their having knowledge in the Protocol. Those who are familiar with the Protocol indicated that it is useful and that it is working for its purpose. Similarly, most respondents do not know how the implementation of the ECOWAS Protocol is done. According to officers at the borders, one basic challenge facing them as border officials is the issue of language barrier. The sub-region is made up of Anglophone and Francophone countries. Ghanaian officials therefore find it difficult to communicate with travellers from other countries other than English speaking countries. Likewise, other officials like those at La Cote D’Ivoire have problems communicating with travellers from English speaking countries. It was recommended that Officers that will be put at the borders should be those that could speak other foreign languages especially French and English. Those that will be on duty should always have at least one person among them who could speak such languages. This will facilitate effective communication. Authorities of member states should endeavour to have a common identification document and even common ECOWAS currency which will facilitate bilateral trade, thereby helping the Protocol achieve its objective of regional integration and trade.
An Assessment of the Educational Outcomes of Left-Behind Children of Ghana Police Service Officers on UN Peacekeeping Missions
(University Of Ghana, 2018-07) Akrasi, G.O.
The major aim of this study was to assess the educational outcomes of left-behind children of the Ghana Police Service Officers on UN Peacekeeping Missions. Particularly, the study sought to examine: the demographic characteristics of migrant police officers on UN peacekeeping missions; how police officers on peacekeeping negotiate their family relations during their temporary absence; how the absence of police officers on peacekeeping missions affects the educational outcomes of their children. The study used both quantitative and qualitative data in the analysis. Purposive sampling and snowball methods were used in selecting samples from the target population to participate in the study. A total of fifty (50) participants were selected comprising of 30 left-behind and 20 migrant parents. It was revealed by the study findings that some of the left-behind children would prefer their fathers leaving rather than their mothers. This is because few of the respondents indicated that there is a negative effect on their educational outcomes. These few people cited that when their fathers are away the effect on them is rather positive through remittances sent to them but mothers leaving were indicated to have negative effects on some of the left-behind children. Also, their parents keep in touch through various communication media whilst they were away. Generally, there was no significant effect of the absence of parents on left-behind children‟s education because the academic positions of the left behind children indicated that before and after parents embarked on UN missions there have been no significant difference in children‟s performances. The study recommended counselling sessions and educational support for left-behind children. The study finally made future recommendations by stating that further research should be extended to what happens to families and not just the child when parents who go on peacekeeping do not return.
Assessment of Transnational Practices of Nigerian Immigrants to Ghana: Case Study of Madina, in the Greater Accra Region
(University of Ghana, 2019-07) Frimpong, A.O.
The study examines the transnational practices and activities of Nigerian immigrants in Ghana. Specifically, the study explores factors that influence their migration, economic activities they engage in as well as the effect of transnationalism on the host country. The research design that was adopted was a mixed method. The sample size was made up of 70 respondents selected through stratified sampling procedure. Instruments were questionnaires and in-depth interview guide. The quantitative data were analysed using SPSS and the qualitative through the use of thematic analysis. The results show that most of the respondents were engaged in the trade sector with businesses such retailing, restaurant and hospitality industry. Its effect was positive since section of the respondents were able to acquire properties back home and remit to their families. In terms of integration, the outcome was positive since most rely on associations. The overall effect on the host country was largely positive since it created employment and contributed to the tax system. It is concluded that transnational activities and practices of respondents in Ghana brought variety for consumers and provided avenue in the trade sector. Based on the findings, it is recommended that policymakers should formulate policies that would position Ghana in a way to explore the benefits these immigrants bring to the trade sector without any future repercussions.
Benefits of Nigerian Migrant Associations: The Role of Nigerian Migrants in Nigerian Migrants integration and Adjustment Prospects in Accra, Ghana
(2018-07) Adzah, Y.W.
Migrant associations in different part of the world have been acknowledged by scholars due to the current expansion of such associations and their roles in the integration and adjustment processes for their members in host communities within destination countries. Though these associations have become globalized, existing literatures mostly focus on those in the developed countries like the USA especially migrants from Central and Latin America. Generally, in Ghana and Africa, literature on migrants associations are scanty as a result of absence of proper structures to monitor the affairs of these associations as well as the bureaucratic challenges when registering a group or an association. The study sought to tease out the benefits derived from migrants associations namely Nigerian Committee of Brothers, Nigerian Women and Edo State associations in Accra, Ghana and how members of these associations rely on them to ensure adjustment, integration and development. The study relied on secondary data retrieved from different sources as well in-depth interviews from five (5) key informants selected purposively from the associations. The study revealed that social network binds Nigerian migrants in complex social and interpersonal relationship away from their usual kinship-oriented networks (eg family system) using the associations as a substitute. The inability of Ghanaian state institutions to handle migrant needs effectively, the associations play expert roles to ensure their adjustment and integration into Ghana. Although the associations don’t serve as a direct mode of economic development, their social activism makes them useful social development agents in Ghana.
Brain Gain In The Health Sector Of Ghana - Diaspora Collective In-Kind Remittance And Knowledge Transfers
(University of Ghana, 2019-05) Diakpieng, J.A.
Migration is gradually becoming an important feature of globalization, due to the individual’s will to overcome adversity and to live a better life. Several reports have emerged on migration of health professional from developing countries to developed ones. Studies have tagged this form of migration as ‘Brain Drain’ and concluded that health professionals’ migration poses a major challenge to the health sector of the country, in this case Ghana. Against this background, this study sought to fill in the research gap regarding the benefits of Ghana losing some of its medical professionals to developed countries. Hence, the study examined, the ‘Brain Gain’ in the health sector of Ghana: diaspora collective in-kind remittance transfers. Specifically drawing on the pull and push migration theory of Lee, the study explored; the motivation drivers that influence health professionals to migrate. The purposive sampling technique was used to collect data from five (5) medical stakeholders, health organization, and medical associations in Ghana, while the snowball sampling technique was use to gather information from seven (7) returnee medical practitioners in Ghana. The study revealed that, most medical professionals migrate due to poor condition of services in Ghana and their desire to better their lives. These health migrants mostly remit in-kind to the state and they do that through donation of medical equipment, medical supplies and through organization of medical outreach programs for poor and deprived communities in Ghana. Most of the respondents affirmed that remittances from this migrated health professionals’ helps to reduce the burden on government budget in the health sector of Ghana. On the other hand, the findings revealed that, Government has no deliberate policy to manage migration of health professionals from Ghana.
Brain Gain in the Health Sector of Ghana – Diaspora Collective in-Kind Remittance and Knowledge Transfers
(University of Ghana, 2020-05) Diakpieng, J.A.
Migration is gradually becoming an important feature of globalization, due to the individual’s will to overcome adversity and to live a better life. Several reports have emerged on migration of health professional from developing countries to developed ones. Studies have tagged this form of migration as ‘Brain Drain’ and concluded that health professionals’ migration poses a major challenge to the health sector of the country, in this case Ghana. Against this background, this study sought to fill in the research gap regarding the benefits of Ghana losing some of its medical professionals to developed countries. Hence, the study examined, the ‘Brain Gain’ in the health sector of Ghana: diaspora collective in-kind remittance transfers. Specifically drawing on the pull and push migration theory of Lee, the study explored; the motivation drivers that influence health professionals to migrate. The purposive sampling technique was used to collect data from five (5) medical stakeholders, health organization, and medical associations in Ghana, while the snowball sampling technique was use to gather information from seven (7) returnee medical practitioners in Ghana. The study revealed that, most medical professionals migrate due to poor condition of services in Ghana and their desire to better their lives. These health migrants mostly remit in-kind to the state and they do that through donation of medical equipment, medical supplies and through organization of medical outreach programs for poor and deprived communities in Ghana. Most of the respondents affirmed that remittances from this migrated health professionals’ helps to reduce the burden on government budget in the health sector of Ghana. On the other hand, the findings revealed that, Government has no deliberate policy to manage migration of health professionals from Ghana.
Changes In Social Outlook Of Ghanaian Exchange Students In University Of Ghana
(University Of Ghana, 2022-12) Dzidula, A.N.
International Migration has become more rapid, globalized and diverse with many young people travelling across international boundaries for reasons such as tourism and education among others. International education has become a valuable export commodity with many countries working hard to recruit students. Ghana is not left out of this arrangement as institutions of higher learning in Ghana accept international students as well as send out their students for the purpose of studying. (Doucerain et al. 2013), asserts that moving to a new environment has its peculiar effects on individuals no matter the duration of the stay. The main objective of this study was thus to ascertain the influence of the year abroad experience on the social outlook of Ghanaian students. The research employed the use of a mixed study approach to achieve its objective. A total of 60 participants were sampled for the quantitative while the interviews on the other hand roped in 8 participants. Findings showed that, exchange students were exposed to newer styles of teaching which they found more interesting. Also, their views on religion and campus residence were altered after their trip. These results indicate that the study abroad period does have an influence on students’ social outlook.
Child Migration to Island Communities, Along the Volta Lake of Ghana
(University of Ghana, 2014-07) Osei Tutu, S.K.; Kwankye,S.O.; University of Ghana ,College of Humanities , Centre for Migration Studies
Child migration has existed for several decades globally and Ghana is of no exception. Even though this phenomenon has received research attention and has become one of the most researched areas in Ghana, most of the studies have largely focused on child rural-urban migration and their activities and experiences in the major cities of Ghana. It is against this background that, this study sought to find out how child migrants in some Island communities in the Volta Region of Ghana get to their destination, the experiences they go through and the effects it has on the child migrant in relation to their education. The study used a combination of quantitative and qualitative approaches involving 60 respondents which included rescued child migrants, teachers, biological parents who responded to questionnaires and in-depth interviews for data collection for the study. SPSS was used to descriptively analyse the data and the results were presented in tables and figure. The study found that the migrant children are engaged in fishing and cattle herding. Although the initial monetary token given to the parents according to most mothers was used as seed money for their petty trading and as a means for the biological parents to solve their own economic and social challenges, the more than half of rescued child migrants described their condition with their foster parents as bad due to the maltreatment they received. With regards to education, most of the children said there were no schools on the islands. Also, the study shows that rescued child migrants attach seriousness to learning at both study areas. The study on child migration found out that, all the forms of work performed by these child migrants interfere with their education and development. The kind of work that, the child migrants are engaged in prevents them from pursuing their education, makes them to be treated like slaves, deprives them of good nutrition, adequate rest and exposes them to being beaten by foster parents. These adverse kinds of conditions child migrants are exposed to, should be discouraged.
Children in Migration and Migration Policy: The Ghanaian Context
(University of Ghana, 2015-07) Asare, A.A; Badasu, M.D; University of Ghana, College of Humanities, Centre for Migration Studies
Globally, there have been concerns about child migration, wellbeing and holistic child protection policy to address and protect migrant children. However, there is no comprehensive national migration policy managing migration in Ghana; hence it is being managed by different policies and legislations. The present study examined the policies and legal instruments that are directly and indirectly related to child migration in Ghana. The general objective was to examine how these policies have facilitated child migration and the implications of such policies on child migrants and children left behind in Ghana. The specific objectives were to describe and analyze the legal documents, laws and policies on migration that affect children. It also explored how some of them address issues of migration concerning children as well as examined the role that some state and international organizations play in protecting child migrants. The study also analyzed the challenges faced by policy implementers in protecting these children among others. Several policies and legal frameworks were selected and analyzed for the study. The study selected relevant policies and legal frameworks out of a pool that Ghana has on child migration. These included the Children's Act of 1998, Act 560, the 1992 Constitution of Ghana, the Human Trafficking Act of 2005, Act 694 among others. Sections and Chapters of these legal frameworks address issues on child migration. The major findings of the study indicate that there are various migration related policies that protect children, but not a comprehensive single policy to protect migrant children. The study found out that, although there are benefits in migration for children, policies are often meant to address risks and negatives associated with child migration. Most of the policies sought among its objectives to prevent or address issues related to child migrant. The study made some recommendations that all laws and policies on migration that address child migrants should be reviewed and condensed into a comprehensive framework for addressing child migration in Ghana. This could be placed in the National Migration Policy when it is revised in the future. Another is a stronger political commitment on the part of government to support international organizations, Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs), Non- Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and others who address problems faced by child migrants. By this approach, the benefits of migration to children will eventually benefit the country.
Civil Society Organizations as Social Networks and Mental Health Support for Migrants: A Case Study Of Lund, Sweden
(University of Ghana, 2020-12) Stubbergaard, A.
Prior research acknowledges that the prevalence of mental health problems is higher among immigrants than the native-born population and that the stress migrants experience at the place of destination can negatively impact integration. Since the beginning of the European so-called ‘refugee crisis’ in 2015, Sweden has experienced an increase of mixed migration flows, which has indicated a rising demand from the host country to support the various categories of migrants’ needs. In addition to the national, regional and local authorities adapting to the situation, parts of the Swedish civil society adjusted their projects to increasingly support newly arrived migrants. By conducting a qualitative study with key informants from civil society organizations to obtain knowledge from the host society’s perspective, as well as immigrant’s describing their own situations in the migration process, this study gives a profound understanding of the problem. The model of resettlement process and refugee mental health will provide guidance to understand post migration stressors and potential mental health difficulties, and the social network theory further guides the analysis to comprehend what role social networks and social capital have in facilitating the migration process, with particular focus on the psychological aspects. This study argues that the civil society at the place of destination can provide opportunities for migrants to access social capital and resources, and it is evident that the local civil society organizations’ projects help to reduce the most common post migration stressors. Therefore, they also decrease the risks of mental health difficulties to arise, and further improve the integration process. Despite insufficient tools and resources, the civil society organizations fill the social void that is not covered by authorities, and particularly provide support for the most vulnerable migrants. The organizations function as mediators between the migrants and the host society, where networks can be created and maintained, and therefore lower the psychological costs in the migration process.
Combating Human Trafficking: An Assessment of the National Policies on Eliminating Human Trafficking in Ghana
(University of Ghana, 2019-07) Amissah, H.
Despite efforts to counter human trafficking, it is still an issue of global concern. However, most of the works on human trafficking have focused on challenges, health implication on victims, its threats to national security and transnational human trafficking activities with little attention on the implementation plans of the policies, legal and institutional frameworks that govern the Act. This research examined how policies, specifically the National Plan of Action for the Elimination of Human Trafficking in Ghana, have curbed trafficking in persons and its implications in Ghana. The specific objectives were to trace the history and provide a descriptive analysis of the policies relevant for managing human trafficking in Ghana, to assess the policy guidelines and legal instruments for eliminating human trafficking in Ghana, to examine the role of state and non-state actors in abetting the implementation of the policies that tackle human trafficking in Ghana. The study made use of both primary sources, thus conducted interviews with ten relevant stakeholders and secondary sources of data which included Policies, Acts and Legal frameworks like The National Plan of Action for the Elimination of Human Trafficking of 2017, The Human Trafficking Act of 2005; Act 694, The Children‟s Act of 1998, Act 560, The Ghana Immigration Law, and The National Migration Policy. The study revealed that the Government of Ghana has made concerted efforts to combat human trafficking in Ghana. Since the formulation of the National Plan of Action, Ghana has moved from the Tier 2 watch list to Tier 2. This means that their effort to combat human trafficking has successfully increased. Its implementation has also effectively enforced partnership and collaboration amongst stakeholder institutions in their quest to combat this canker. It also revealed that state and non-state actors have played very important roles in dealing with human trafficking. This year the government of Ghana established rescue centres for victims of trafficking. Again, all government security organizations, Ghana Immigration Service and Ghana Police Service, have developed compulsory training curricular for all their officers, both new recruits and old, to tackle issues on human trafficking. However, despite these achievements, the study discovered some institutional challenges relating to funding, community sensitization, victim identification, reintegration and prosecution of perpetrators in dealing with policy implementation. It is therefore recommended that policies enacted on human trafficking should be reviewed and harmonized, and the international laws ratified, to avoid duplication and confusion. If at the end of the five year period, the National Plan of Action for the Elimination of Human Trafficking‟s implementation is achieved, it should be extended.
Comparative Study of Private and Public Student Nurses’ Intentions to Emigrate From Ghana
(University Of Ghana,, 2015-07) Allen, J.; Teye, J. K.; Kandilige, L.
Migration is increasingly becoming an important feature of globalization. There are reported emigration of health professionals from developing countries to developed countries. Consequently, this poses a major challenge to the health sector of these countries. Against this background, this study examined the intentions of public and private student nurses to migrate after school. Specifically, drawing on the pull-push theory of migration, the study assessed the major predisposing factors affecting the intentions of student nurses to migrate; the preferred destination countries and the factors influencing the choice of those preferred destination countries. A simple random sampling technique was used in sampling 220 student nurses for the survey using questionnaire whilst five nurses were selected for the qualitative aspect of the study. The study revealed that most of the student nurses intend to migrate from the country upon completion of their training. Economic factors such as better wages and conditions of services at destination countries and social factors like pressure from relatives at home and abroad were given by the respondents as some of the motivating factors for their intention to emigrate. The majority of males intend to emigrate after school and those who have never married were more likely to migrate. Countries such as the United States of America and United Kingdom were preferred destinations. Additionally, the study revealed that language familiarity, higher and attractive wages in destination countries and availability of social networks were some of the factors that influence respondents‟ choice of preferred destination countries. Based on these findings, the study concludes that the intentions of health workers in Ghana to emigrate is significantly high and poses a major challenge to the health sector, given the high demand for them. The study therefore recommends better working conditions and incentives to be provided by the government and other stakeholders to motivate these health workers to stay.
Conflict And Migration In Bawku
(University of Ghana, 2017-07) Nambe, M.Y.
Conflict is generally a distinctive part of human society and has far-reaching consequences on human security, peace, social and economic activities. In view of this, conflict-induced migration is increasingly becoming a global phenomenon and a behavioural response in most developing countries. Against this backdrop, this study examined conflict and migration in Bawku Municipality. Specifically, it examined the historical patterns of migration in Bawku; the relative contribution of conflicts and other economic factors to out-migration in Bawku; and lastly, it examined the contributions of migrants to conflict and peace-building in Bawku. The study relied on 260 respondents comprising of 180 respondents randomly sampled for the questionnaire survey in Bawku, and 80 respondents randomly selected outside Bawku. Also key in-depth interviews and focus group discussions were conducted with respondents, Municipal Chief Executive, two religious leaders, elders of the Mamprusi and Kusasi, and representatives of NGOs and CSOs. The study’s findings revealed that majority of respondents did not migrate from Bawku during the conflict. Lack of networks or relations outside Bawku and strong family ties in Bawku accounted for reasons why respondents did not migrate. Greater Accra and Ashanti region were the major destination regions of migrants, albeit some also moved to other parts of Upper East region. Even in the midst of relative peace and security, majority of respondents were still apprehensive of the conflict recurring, given the volatile nature of the conflict resolution, the actions of security personnel within the region, political tension, and restrictions imposed on movement because of some boundary disputes. Unfortunately, the conflict has impacted negatively on business activities, access to land and agricultural activities in Bawku. This has generally affected economic development in Bawku. The study concludes that conflict has an impact on migration and socio-economic activities in the Bawku Municipality. The study recommends that in ensuring lasting peace and unity in the region, it is essential to promote inter-ethnic marriages and empower the local institutions to enhance participatory approach to conflict resolution and peace building.
Conflict-Migration Nexus in Ghana: A Case of Bimbilla Conflict in the Northern Region of Ghana.
(University of Ghana, 2018-07) Aziz, U.
The study examined the relationship between conflict and migration. Specifically, the factors that influence a person‟s decision to either stay or migrate during the conflict were the focus of this study. The study also analyzed the challenges and opportunities encountered by victims of the conflict and the reasons for their return to Bimbilla. Using both qualitative and quantitative research techniques, a total of 226 questionnaires were administered to persons who fled during the violence and have returned to Bimbilla, and persons who stayed during the violence. The study found that target attacks/killing, deteriorated economic activities as a result of the conflict, fear of gunshots and bullets were the main reasons for migrating. People stayed in the midst of the conflict even though circumstances of the conflict suggested they migrate. Uncertainty about challenges at destinations, the perception of not belonging to any of the conflicting factions, familial reasons such as large family size, aged relatives, and marriage were the main factors that prevented people from migrating during the conflict. The findings also suggested that interventions by the government were aimed at restoring peace without taking into account the basic needs of the affected victims. The study demonstrated that regardless of whether a person migrates and returns to post-conflict areas or stayed during a conflict, all face challenges such as economic, accommodation, and psychological trauma. Based on the findings of the study, peace campaign should be promoted in the community. It is recommended that interventions should aim at providing basic needs such as food and accommodation to victims of the conflict. Also, the government should establish a permanent security post consisting of both military and police to ensure that lives and properties are protected.
Conflict-Migration Nexus in Ghana: A Case of Bimbilla Conflict in the Northern Region of Ghana.
(University of Ghana, 2018-07) Aziz, U.
The study examined the relationship between conflict and migration. Specifically, the factors that influence a person`s decision to either stay or migrate during the conflict were the focus of this study. The study also analyzed the challenges and opportunities encountered by victims of the conflict and the reasons for their return to Bimbilla. Using both qualitative and quantitative research techniques, a total of 226 questionnaires were administered to persons who fled during the violence and have returned to Bimbilla, and persons who stayed during the violence. The study found that target attacks/killing, deteriorated economic activities as a result of the conflict, fear of gunshots and bullets were the main reasons for migrating. People stayed in the midst of the conflict even though circumstances of the conflict suggested they migrate. Uncertainty about challenges at destinations, the perception of not belonging to any of the conflicting factions, familial reasons such as large family size, aged relatives, and marriage were the main factors that prevented people from migrating during the conflict. The findings also suggested that interventions by the government were aimed at restoring peace without taking into account the basic needs of the affected victims. The study demonstrated that regardless of whether a person migrates and returns to post-conflict areas or stayed during a conflict, all face challenges such as economic, accommodation, and psychological trauma. Based on the findings of the study, peace campaign should be promoted in the community. It is recommended that interventions should aim at providing basic needs such as food and accommodation to victims of the conflict. Also, the government should establish a permanent security post consisting of both military and police to ensure that lives and properties are protected.

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