Browsing by Subject "African"
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Item 2024 Symposium on African Digital Humanities: Digital Humanities, African Stories, and Agency(2024-02-15) Darkwah, A.; Ocloo, P.E.D.; Opoku-Agyemang, K.; Rosenblum, B.; Yeku, J.The symposium particularly welcomes graduate students and early-career faculty interested in digital humanities and will provide stipends for graduate students in the region to attend. The 2024 symposium seeks to stimulate a dialogue that addresses the intersections of the digital humanities and African stories and agency. We will explore digital storytelling and its connections to African narratives, the extractive politics of platform, AI and African agency, as well as diverse approaches and issues related to building an inclusive digital cultural record for local and global communities.Item An Academic in Politics: A Study of Emeritus Professor Albert Adu Boahen, 1932-2006(University of Ghana, 2019-07) Ashong, T.The mid-twentieth century undoubtedly marked a watershed in African history and historiography. One striking feature of the period was the emergence of a new crop of African historians who were poised to challenge the hegemony of Eurocentric scholarship. Kenneth O. Dike, a prominent Nigerian historian blazed the trail with his magnum opus Trade and Politics in the Niger Delta, 1830-1885. In Ghana, the trailblazer was Prof. Albert Adu Boahen who was a teacher, scholar and an astute politician. As a teacher, he taught and mentored students while researching and writing about the Ghanaian and African past. He was a staunch critic of military rule and always laid emphasis on constitutional governance, the freedom of speech, and freedom of the individual. In spite of his remarkable contribution to the country, existing literature has only had a cursory look at him. Thus, a specific scholarly study devoted to his life and career is yet to be written. This study therefore provides a scholarly biography of Prof. Albert Adu Boahen. The study maintains that Adu Boahen was not just a renowned historian who contributed to pioneering Ghanaian and African historiography; but was also instrumental in attempts to consolidate democratic culture in Ghana. This study makes use of archival evidence from the private archives of Adu Boahen and PRAAD in Accra. In addition, secondary sources including relevant books, dissertations, academic articles and photographs are interrogated. These sources are augmented with extensive interviews conducted with relatives, friends and colleagues of Adu Boahen. Overall, this study provides a scholarly biography of Adu Boahen in order to show his contributions to Ghanaian and African historiography, academic institutions and professional associations. In addition, the study shows Adu Boahen’s place in Ghana’s struggle for democracy and constitutional governance since the early years of independence.Item Adolescent health and well-being check-up programme in three African cities (Y-Check): protocol for a multimethod, prospective, hybrid implementation-effectiveness study(BMJ Open, 2024) Banati, P.; Ross, D.A.; Weobong, B.Background During adolescence, behaviours are initiated that will have substantial impacts on the individual’s short-term and long-term health and well-being. However, adolescents rarely have regular contact with health services, and available services are not always appropriate for their needs. We co developed with adolescents a health and well-being check-up programme (Y-Check). This paper describes the methods to evaluate the feasibility, acceptability, short-term effects and cost-effectiveness of Y-Check in three African cities. Method This is a multi-country prospective intervention study, with a mixed-method process evaluation. The intervention involves screening, on-the-spot care and referral of adolescents through health and well-being check-up visits. In each city, 2000 adolescents will be recruited in schools or community venues. Adolescents will be followed-up at 4 months. The study will assess the effects of Y-Check on knowledge and behaviours, as well as clinical outcomes and costs. Process and economic evaluations will investigate acceptability, feasibility, uptake, fidelity and cost effectiveness. Ethics and dissemination Approval has been received from the WHO (WHO/ERC Protocol ID Number ERC.0003778); Ghana Health Service (Protocol ID Number GHS-ERC: 027/07/22), the United Republic of Tanzania National Institute for Medical Research (Clearance No. NIMR/HQ/R.8a/Vol.IX/4199), the Medical Research Council of Zimbabwe (Approval Number MRCZ/A/2766) and the LSHTM (Approval Numbers 26395 and 28312). Consent and disclosure are addressed in the paper. Results will be published in three country-specific peer-reviewed journal publications, and one multicountry publication; and disseminated through videos, briefs and webinars. Data will be placed into an open access repository. Data will be deidentified and anonymisedItem The African Belief System and the Patient’s Choice of Treatment from Existing Health Models: The Case of Ghana(iMedPub Journals, 2017) Asare, M.; Danquah, S.A.This paper presents a narrative review including a case study of the African Belief System. A strong belief in supernatural powers is deeply rooted in the African culture. In Ghana, there is a spiritual involvement in the treatment of illness and healthcare. The new health model in the African culture therefore can be considered to be the Biopsychosocial(s) model-with the s representing spiritual practice-compared to the biopsychosocial model in Western culture. The case study on dissociative amnesia illustrates that Africans consider spiritual causes of illness when a diagnosis of an illness is very challenging. The causes of mental health conditions in particular seem challenging to Africans, and therefore are easily attributed to spiritual powers. The spiritual belief in African clients should not be rejected but should be used by caregivers to guide and facilitate clients’ recovery from illness. The spiritual belief provides hope. Therefore when combined with Western treatment, this belief can quicken illness recovery.Item African care for congenital central nervous system disorders: Falling far short of global management standards?(international Journal of Surgery, 2023) Wireko, A.A.; Tenkorang, P.O.; Debrah, A.P.; et al.Item African Folktales and Sculpture (Series XXXII)(Bollingen Foundation. Inc., New York, N.Y., 1952) Radin, P.The two parts of this book, folktales and sculpture, coincide and interrelate only in part. The great sculpture area of native Africa encompasses practically all of the West Africa of the true Negro and most of the Bantu-speaking region centering in the Congo. For reasons not entirely understood, almost no plastic art of much interest has come from the Nilotic, the eastern and southern Bantu, and the Bushman-Hottentot areas. But for the folktale this does not hold. Rich stores of the folktale are encountered everywhere. This volume contains only a selection.Item African Glory the Story of Vanished Negro Civilizations(Watts & Co, 1954) Degraft-Johnson, J. C.The present study is an attempt to present certain aspect Negro history; and as Africa is today generally regarded as home of the Negro, the present study has taken on, in Some aspect at least the character of African history. To attempt a presentation of Negro history, or indeed of African history in in so small a volume to undertake an impossible task yet it is a task that must be attempted. Mr Thomas Hodgkin, former Secretary to the Oxford University Delegacy for Extra-Mural Studies and a Fellow of Balliol College, Oxford, writing in the Highway of February 1952, had this to say about AfricaItem African perspectives of moral status: a framework for evaluating global bioethical issues(Medical Humanities, 2022) Atuire, C.A.This paper offers an African perspective on moral status grounded on an understanding of personhood. These concepts are key to understanding the differences in emphasis and the values at play when global ethical issues are analysed within the African context. Drawing from African philosophical reflections on the descriptive and normative concepts of personhood, I propose a dual notion of subject-object moral status. I explain how object moral status, duties owed to persons, is differently grounded with respect to subject's moral status, which refers to communally directed agency. This distinction influences the African way of conceptualising and addressing ethical issues, where, without ignoring rights of persons, moral consideration about the agency of Righteousness is often factored into ethical deliberation. As a practical example, I look at the debate surrounding legal access to safe abortion on the African continent. I suggest a Gadamerian approach to diffuse the tensions that sometimes arise between universalist advocates of rights and cultural decolonizationists.Item The African Slave Trade(Select Committee of the House of Lords, 1850) Select Committee of the House of LordsREPORT from the Select Committee of the House of Lords appointed to consider the best Means which Great Britain can adopt for the final • Extinction of the AFRICAN SLAVE TRADE. Presented in Session 1850. THAT the Committee have met and considered the Subject Matter to them referred. In following out the Inquiry intrusted to them as to the most effectual means for suppressing the African Slave Trade, have felt it to be their duty, first, to examine the means hitherto employed for this end; to ascertain the amount of success which had attended their employment; whether they could be rendered more effectual, and if so, by what means; the objections urged against them; and whether any other means could be devised, either as substitutes for these, or as accessory to them. The means which have been hitherto employed are: (1.) the formation of Treaties with the various civilized States for the prohibition and suppression of the Slave Trade, and the punishment of those who engage in it by confiscation of their ships. (2.) The formation of Treaties with the Chiefs of Africa, prohibiting the exportation of Slaves from their territories. (3.) The maintenance of certain Forts upon the African Coast. (4.) The maintenance of armed Cruizers on the Coast of Africa, to enforce these Treaties. As regards the first of these means, a large measure of success has attended the efforts of this Country.Item Aggrey of Africa; a study in black and white(Student Christian Movement Press, London., 1929) Smith, E.W.Item Analyzing the African Continental Free Trade Area (the AfCFTA) from an Informality Perspective: A Beautiful House in the Wrong Neighborhood(Global Studies Quarterly, 2023) Tieku, T.K.; Yakohene, A.B.The article critically explores the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) from an informality perspective. The infor mality perspective sees unofficial rules, norms, practices, processes, actors, and decision-making structures as driving forces of the social world. They are ontologically before and building blocks of their formal counterparts. From this viewpoint, the failure to design the AfCFTA from the informal economy baseline makes it an unfit trade agreement for the African continent. Those who drafted the agreement, its supplementary protocols and annexes, and the decision-makers who signed as well as ratified them neglected the informal trading actors and unregistered enterprises in Africa. Rather than building the agreement around unregistered small-to-medium-scale enterprises, operated mostly by women and the youth, the AfCFTA and its legal instruments envisioned a utopian African trade market without them. The drafters and decision-makers of the AfCFTA seem to operate on the basic principle of no formalization and no gain from the free trade agreement. The result is a serious mismatch. The formally oriented AfCFTA is supposed to govern the largely informal African trading ecosystems. The failure to mainstream the informal economy in the AfCFTA makes the African Free Trade Agreement look like, to use a house metaphor, a beautifully constructed house located in the wrong neighborhood. The article substantiates this claim and shows its implications for the Pan-African integration project and the study of international relations. L“article aborde de manière critique la zone de libre-échange continentale africaine (ZLECAf) d”un point de vue informel. Ce point de vue considère les règles, les normes, les pratiques, les processus, les acteurs et les structures de prise de décision non officiels comme des forces motrices du monde social. Tous sont ontologiquement antérieurs à leurs homologues formels, et représentent leurs éléments constitutifs. Selon ce point de vue, l“incapacité à concevoir la ZLECAf en tenant compte de l”économie informelle en fait un accord commercial inadapté au continent africain. Les personnes ayant rédigé l“accord, ses protocoles additionnels, ses annexes, tout comme les décideurs qui les ont signés et ratifiés, ont négligé les acteurs du commerce informel et les entreprises non enregistrées du continent africain. Au lieu de créer cet accord en s”appuyant également sur les petites et moyennes entreprises (PME) non enregistrées, dirigées principalement par des femmes et des jeunes, la ZLECAf et ses instruments juridiques ont imaginé un marché commercial africain utopique, sans prendre en compte ces PME. Les rédacteurs et les décideurs de la ZLECAf semblent suivre le principe directeur suivant: pas de formalisation, pas de bénéfice de l“accord de libre-échange. Il en résulte une grave inadéquation. L”accord de libre-échange africain, largement formel, est supposé régir des écosystèmes commerciaux qui sont largement informels en Afrique. L“échec de l”intégration de l“économie informelle dans la ZLECAf fait que cet accord de libre-échange africain ressemble, selon une métaphore locale, à une belle maison dans un mauvais quartier. L”article justifie cette affirmation et montre ses implications dans l“intégration panafricaine et l”étude des relations internationales. Este artículo estudia de forma crítica el Área Continental Africana de Libre Comercio (AfCFTA, por sus siglas en inglés) desde la perspectiva de la informalidad. Esta perspectiva de la informalidad ve las reglas, las normas, las prácticas, los procesos, los agentes y las estructuras de toma de decisiones no oficiales como fuerzas impulsoras del mundo social que son ontológica mente anteriores a sus contrapartes formales y que constituyen bloques de construcción de estas. Desde este punto de vista, podemos afirmar que el hecho de que el AfCFTA no tuviera en cuenta para su diseño las líneas de base de la economía infor mal lo convierte en un acuerdo comercial inadecuado para el continente africano. Las personas que redactaron el acuerdo, así como sus protocolos complementarios y los anexos, y los responsables de la toma de decisiones que los firmaron y ratifi caron no tuvieron en cuenta ni a los actores comerciales informales ni a las empresas no registradas en África. En lugar de construir este acuerdo en torno a pequeñas y medianas empresas (PYMES) no registradas, operadas principalmente por mu jeres y jóvenes, el AfCFTA y sus instrumentos legales imaginaron un mercado comercial a nivel africano utópico, sin estas. Los redactores del AfCFTA y los tomadores de decisiones en lo referido al AfCFTA parecen haber actuado bajo el principio básico de no formalización, es decir, que no se obtiene ganancia del acuerdo de libre comercio. El resultado de esto es un grave desajuste. Se supone, entonces, que el AfCFTA, de orientación formal, debería regir en los ecosistemas comerciales africanos, que son, en gran parte, informales. La falta de integración de la economía informal en el AfCFTA hace que el acuerdo de libre comercio africano parezca, comparándolo con una casa, una casa magníficamente construida pero ubicada en el vecindario equivocado. El artículo corrobora esta afirmación y muestra sus implicaciones para el proyecto de integración panafricana y para el estudio de las relaciones internacionales.Item Anthelmintic Agents from African Medicinal Plants: Review and Prospects(Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2022) Jato, J.; Orman, E.; Boakye, Y.D.; Bekoe, E.O.; Bekoe, S.O.; Asare-Nkansah, S.; Spiegler, V.; Hensel, A.; Liebau, E.; Agyare, C.Soil-transmitted helminthiasis affects more than 1.5 billion people globally and largely remains a sanitary problem in Africa. These infections place a huge economic burden on poor countries and affect livestock production, causing substantial economic losses and poor animal health. The emergence of anthelmintic resistance, especially in livestock, and the potential for its widespread in humans create a need for the development of alternative therapies. Medicinal plants play a significant role in the management of parasitic diseases in humans and livestock, especially in Africa. This report reviews anthelmintic studies that have been conducted on medicinal plants growing in Africa and published within the past two decades. A search was made in various electronic databases, and only full articles in English were included in the review. Reports show that aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts and polar fractions obtained from these crude extracts form the predominant (80%) form of the extracts studied. Medicinal plants, extracts, and compounds with different chemical groups have been studied for their anthelmintic potential. Polyphenols and terpenoids are the most reported groups. More than 64% of the studies employed in vitro assays against parasitic and nonparasitic nematode models. Egg hatch inhibition, larval migration inhibition, and paralysis are the common parameters assessed in vitro. About 72% of in vivo models involved small ruminants, 15% rodents, and 5% chicken. Egg and worm burden are the main factors assessed in vivo. There were no reports on interventions in humans cited within the period under consideration. Also, few reports have investigated the potential of combining plant extracts with common anthelmintic drugs. This review reveals the huge potential of African medicinal plants as sources of anthelmintic agents and the dire need for in-depth clinical studies of extracts, fractions, and compounds from African plants as anthelmintic agents in livestock, companion animals, and humans.Item Anthropology of Streetism: Documenting: The Heritage Resources of Street Dwellers in Adabraka(University of Ghana, 2020) Nsiah, S.The phenomenon of working and living on the street is on the rise in most Third World Countries of which Ghana is no exception. There have been several investigations into the lives of street dwellers most of which have provided useful insights into understanding the causes, effects and remedies to this phenomenon. However, most of such works fail to identify and document the positive cultural constructions that can be learned or deduced from life in the streets. This research explored and drew insights from the day to day life of the street dwellers in Adabraka, and identified and documented some aspects of their ways of life that can be viewed as the heritage. Concluding on information gathered during my research through the use of an eclectic research methodology which included techniques of both ethnography and visual documentation, it was evident that street dwelling is not always bad as mostly perceived. There are some positive aspects of this way of life that can be learned by the ‘normal’ individual. The study, for instance, revealed that the attitude of determination and perseverance, the African concept of ‘Ubuntu’ and egalitarian lifestyles can be learnt from these street dwellers. Hence, it is worthy of documenting these ways of life which can be considered as heritage.Item APOL1 genotype associated risk for preeclampsia in African populations: Rationale and protocol design for studies in women of African ancestry in resource limited settings(PLOS ONE, 2022) Osafo, C.; Thomford, N.E.; Coleman, J.; Carboo, A.; Guure, C.; Okyere, P.; Adu, D.; Adanu, R.; Parekh, R.S.; Burke, D.Background Women of African ancestry are highly predisposed to preeclampsia which continues to be a major cause of maternal death in Africa. Common variants in the APOL1 gene are potent risk factor for a spectrum of kidney disease. Recent studies have shown that APOL1 risk variants contribute to the risk of preeclampsia. The aim of the study is to understand the con tribution of APOL1 risk variants to the development of preeclampsia in pregnant women in Ghana. Methods The study is a case-control design which started recruitment in 2019 at the Korle Bu Teaching Hospital in Ghana. The study will recruit pregnant women with a target recruitment of 700 cases of preeclampsia and 700 normotensives. Clinical and demographic data of mother- baby dyad, with biospecimens including cord blood and placenta will be collected to assess clinical, biochemical and genetic markers of preeclampsia. The study protocol was approved by Korle Bu Teaching Hospital Institutional Review Board (Reference number: KBTH-IRB/000108/2018) on October 11, 2018. Preliminary results As of December 2021, a total of 773 mother-baby pairs had been recruited and majority of them had complete entry of data for analysis. The participants are made up of 384 pre eclampsia cases and 389 normotensive mother-baby dyad. The mean age of participants is 30.69 ± 0.32 years for cases and 29.95 ± 0.32 for controls. Majority (85%) of the participants are between 20-30years. At booking, majority of cases had normal blood pressure com pared to the time of diagnosis where 85% had a systolic BP greater than 140mmHg and a corresponding 82% had diastolic pressure greater than 90mmHg. Conclusion Our study will ultimately provide clinical, biochemical and genotypic data for risk stratification of preeclampsia and careful monitoring during pregnancy to improve clinical management and outcomes.Item Blood pressure response to out-patient drug treatment of hypertension in 1973 - 1993 at Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana(West African Journal of Medicine, 2003) Adukwei Hesse, I.F.A retrospective audit of the first twelve months of out patient drug treatment of hypertension at the Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital during the period 1973 - 1993 is reported. A previous study had shown that at least 7 drug regimes were used to treat hypertension at Korle-Bu during the period. The aim of the present study was to compare the effect and efficacy of these antihypertensive drug treatment regimes on blood pressure during the first 12 months of treatment. Result of 155 (47%) case notes, which met the inclusion criteria, are presented. One month of drug treatment of hypertension significantly reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressure by 21.4 ± 30.5 (p<0.001) and 13.8 ± 16.5 (p<0.001)mmHg, respectively. This reduction in blood pressure was maintained to the 12th month. At 12 months, systolic and diastolic blood pressures were unchanged in 19% and 28% of patients, respectively, indicating no response to drug treatment. Recommended target blood pressure of ≤ 140/90mm Hg was achieved in only 25.6% of all patients. All drug treatment regimes significantly reduced blood pressure to a similar extent so that any differences were not statistically significant. However, the efficacy of the drug regimes differed significantly (p=0.02). It was greatest in patients treated with monotherapy with either diuretic or reserpine, intermediate with two drug combinations and least with 3 or 4 drugs. The data showed that diuretics were marginally better than reserpine as first line monotherapy. Furthermore, any diuretic based 2-drug regime was equally efficacious although a beta-blocker or methyldopa as second drug seemed favoured by the data. The addition of a third or fourth drug was counter productive as the increased number of drugs did not decrease blood pressure significantly.Item Christian Chiefs And African Indigenous Rituals In Ghana(University of Ghana, 2016-07) Yeboah, SThe debate as to whether indigenous Ghanaian communities could be efficiently and fully ruled by ‗Christian Chiefs‘ remains topical in both popular and academic discourses. Nananom ahenfo (chiefs) go through the ritual process before they are enstooled as chiefs and derive their sacredness and authority from these rituals which enables them to sit on the ancestral stools. These rituals also makes them mediators between Nananom nsamanfo (ancestors) and the living, hence they are responsible for performing rituals to maintain the link between the living and the ancestors. With the advent of Christianity, however, some royals who became Christians have accepted to become chiefs despite their previous exclusive views on Christianity. This group call themselves Christian chiefs. It is this that has led to the debate as to whether or not indigenous communities can be efficiently and effectively ruled by such Christian chiefs. The research utilized the phenomenological approach to provide a descriptive narrative on the subject and interviews and participants‘ observations were employed to gather data from the field. The research findings indicated that Christian chiefs can efficiently and effectively rule indigenous communities in Anum because they maintained all the rituals associated with chieftaincy. The Presbyterian Church of Ghana (PCG), which was the first church in Anum, however, does not recognise these Christian chiefs in their congregations. They are also not allowed to hold positions in the church. This study is relevant to researchers interested in contemporary developments in chieftaincy, rituals, and the resilience of the traditional religions as well as the Church and African Culture.Item A Comparative Study of the African and Western Mediation Models: The Case of Ghana(University of Ghana, 2019-07) Swaniker, A.J.Mediation, a mechanism for the resolution of dispute, has been an ancient practice for several civilizations. Mediation was a form of resolving disputes in Africa, Ghana in particular before the coming of the Europeans. In recent times, the origin of ADR mechanism has been a debate among the conflict resolution fraternity and academicians. Owing to the fact that mediation has been used in diverse civilizations, the conduct and process varies and usually tends to suit the cultural context of the people. Mediation, as part of the ADR spectrum, has been structured in a wholly Western perspective with no room for cultural variations. Given the above-mentioned trends the study aims at finding the relations between African and Western mediation models, what is common between the two models, disparities between them and how the similarities and disparities qualitatively affect the outcome of the effectiveness of mediation in Africa and the Western world. The research utilized the qualitative research method with data from both primary and secondary sources. The study revealed that both Africans and Westerners do have their own approach to mediation, it also revealed that the differences and commonalities qualitatively affect the outcome of the effectiveness of mediation in Africa and the Western world. The study shows that both models of mediation has the same aim thus to resolve conflict amicably. The study recommends that a blend of both mediation models has a high tendency of resolving disputes peacefully especially when parties have different cultural orientationsItem Description of a West Indian Voyage from 1639 until 1645 from Amsterdam to St. George de Maria, a castle in African(H.H.S. Royal Printer, 1674) Hemmersam, M.Item Developing capacity for impactful use of Earth Observation data: Lessons from the AfriCultuReS project(Environmental Development, 2022) Pritchard, R.; Amponsah, M.; Alexandridis, T.; et al.An increasing number of products and services based on satellite Earth Observation (EO) data are being developed for use by decision-makers in African agricultural contexts, providing information such as weather and climate forecasts, crop yields and water availability. Capacity development Supporting the impactful use of EO data is a key component of many EO-for-development initiatives, but there is little consensus over where or how capacity should be developed. Our goal in this piece is to provide a critical perspective on the capacity development required to support the creation of of more impactful EO data services. Drawing on a capacity needs assessment carried out as part of the AfriCultuReS project (a major EO-for-development initiative), we identify proximate factors which inhibit the success of EO data services, such as flawed communication strategies, low relevance in African agricultural contexts, duplication of existing products, and lack of financial sustainability. We link these proxies challenges to deeper issues such as unequal access to funding and resources, fragmentation in the EO field, and relational asymmetries of power, all of which combine to exclude important forms of knowledge from decision-making. Based on this needs assessment, we argue that capacitydevelopment requires broader systems-based approaches which develop the capacities of all actors (including those in the Global North) to respect different forms of knowledge, use and participate in co-design approaches, and recognise and challenge the asymmetries of power which currently limit the involvement of certain groups in processes of EO data service design.Item The Eco as a Catalyst for Economic Integration in West Africa(University of Ghana, 2019-12) Kumassah, C.M.The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) was established on 28th May, 1975 to unify the West African sub-region into one economic bloc that would eventually culminate into a currency union with time. In its bid to create this economic bloc, ECOWAS realized that the inexistence of a common currency stalled trade and free movement of persons. As a result, there has been an invigorated effort in the new millennium towards the achievement of a common currency; the ECO. This research is qualitative in nature and through thematic analysis, it was realized that in the first decade of this millennium, the ECO could not materialize due to the challenge in macroeconomic convergence, lack of political will, low intra trade levels amongst others. This led to a revision in approach in 2009. The findings also revealed that the new roadmap spurred on progress in areas such as the harmonization of statistics and data, economic policy coordination, payment systems and financial integration. Despite the revised roadmap, the pre-existing problems facing the ECO still subsists. In addition, the study highlighted colonial loyalty and monetary cooperation amongst Francophone Africa and France as threats to the realization of the ECO. The study concluded that cognizant of the above, ECOWAS would not meet its 2020 deadline and recommended that ECOWAS abolishes the fast track approaches to integration, foster political will, invest in value-added production to increase trade levels and concentrate on infrastructural development in the areas of transport and communication.
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