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Assessing Capacity Building Initiatives For Caretakers Of Rural Water Supply Sene District
(University of Ghana, 2000-09) Okyere, A.K.; Aryeetey, E.B.D.; University of Ghana, College of Humanities, Institute of Statistical, Social and Economic Research
A much-discussed criterion for evaluating development NGO activities concerns the "sustainability of their projects - that is, their ability to remain viable after external support ceases - and their replicability - the degree to which groups not directly assisted by the NGO take up NGO projects on their own. If the benefits of NGO work cease when the resources do, the NGO is merely providing “aid”, if the benefits continue past the period of NGO involvement, “development” has been initiated (Korten 1990). This study examines the issue of sustainability of the water system through training on operation and maintenance in the Sene District. World Vision International Ghana established Ghana Rural Water Project as its branch for water activities in 1984/85 just after the long drought period in 1983. Ghana Rural Water Project was set up to provide potable water or drill boreholes for rural people (World Vision assisted communities) to combat the guinea-worm disease. The major concern of this water project is to guarantee sustainable systems in the beneficiary communities. It is against this background that World Vision Ghana Rural Water Project (WVGRWP) is incorporating a major training component in the programme.The process of sustaining projects depends on both the donor agency and the beneficiary communities. Training enhances the skills and build the capacity of selected volunteers, it has therefore, been identified as very vital to the effort towards sustainability. The general objective of the study is to find out the link between training and maintenance in the process of sustainability of the water project in the Sene District. The findings revealed that Ghana Rural Water Project between 1994 - 1996 drilled 134 boreholes in 74 communities and had conducted 1st level training for all the selected volunteers from the beneficiary communities. It is the policy of the organisation to encourage women to be part of the trainees, so almost in every community there is a female trainee. From the study it was realised that before the training programme, the communities relied on pump technicians from outside the district. The maintenance charges by these technicians and the cost of non-available spare parts were so exorbitant that most communities abandoned their faulty boreholes. Thus, the issue of sustainability ended when the boreholes broke down. After training, all the 30 selected volunteers could repair and maintain the borehole without any supervision, and this has reduced maintenance cost and also ensured regular flow of water. Analysis showed that 22 trainees have also trained one or two people to replicate the knowledge and skills acquired. The knowledge, Attitude and Practices of the trainees have changed as a result of training received. The laissez-faire attitude of the people has been neutralized, and the people have acquired the culture of maintenance to support community projects. Projects have now been seen as theirs and no more government projects and so must be taken care of. Community management and the state of the water system has not been up to expectation according to the findings. There is a recommendation that management committees must relate to each other very well in order to ensure good community participation in the crusade for the sustainability.
Accessing capacity Building Initiatives for Caretakers of Rural Water Supply, Sena District
(University of Ghana, 2000-09) Okyere, A.K.; Aryeetey, E.; University of Ghana, College of Health Sciences, School of Public Health
A much-discussed criterion for evaluating development NGO activities concerns the "sustainability of their projects - that is, their ability to remain viable after external support ceases - and their replicability - the degree to which groups not directly assisted by the NGO take up NGO projects on their own. If the benefits of NGO work cease when the resources do, the NGO is merely providing “aid”, if the benefits continue past the period of NGO involvement, “development” has been initiated (Korten 1990). This study examines the issue of sustainability of the water system through training on operation and maintenance in the Sene District. World Vision International Ghana established Ghana Rural Water Project as its branch for water activities in 1984/85 just after the long drought period in 1983. Ghana Rural Water Project was set up to provide potable water or drill boreholes for rural people (World Vision assisted communities) to combat the guinea-worm disease. The major concern of this water project is to guarantee sustainable systems in the beneficiary communities. It is against this background that World Vision Ghana Rural Water Project (WVGRWP) is incorporating a major training component in the programme. The process of sustaining projects depends on both the donor agency and the beneficiary communities. Training enhances the skills and build the capacity of selected volunteers, it has therefore, been identified as very vital to the effort towards sustainability. The general objective of the study is to find out the link between training and maintenance in the process of sustainability of the water project in the Sene District. The findings revealed that Ghana Rural Water Project between 1994 - 1996 drilled 134 boreholes in 74 communities and had conducted 1st level training for all the selected volunteers from the beneficiary communities. It is the policy of the organisation to encourage women to be part of the trainees, so almost in every community there is a female trainee. From the study it was realised that before the training programme, the communities relied on pump technicians from outside the district. The maintenance charges by these technicians and the cost of non-available spare parts were so exorbitant that most communities abandoned their faulty boreholes. Thus, the issue of sustainability ended when the boreholes broke down. After training, all the 30 selected volunteers could repair and maintain the borehole without any supervision, and this has reduced maintenance cost and also ensured regular flow of water. Analysis showed that 22 trainees have also trained one or two people to replicate the knowledge and skills acquired. The knowledge, Attitude and Practices of the trainees have changed as a result of training received. The laissez-faire attitude of the people has been neutralized, and the people have acquired the culture of maintenance to support community projects. Projects have now been seen as theirs and no more government projects and so must be taken care of. Community management and the state of the water system has not been up to expectation according to the findings. There is a recommendation that management committees must relate to each other very well in order to ensure good community participation in the crusade for the sustainability.
“Does Prolonged Breast-Feeding Enhance Nutritional Status; Evidence From Ghana”
(University of Ghana, 2001-09) Sawudatu, Z.; Ahiadeke, C.; Armar-Klemesu, M.; University of Ghana, College of Humanities, Institute of Statistical, Social and Economic Research
This study set out to investigate the relationship between breastfeeding and the nutritional status of children in Ghana. This stems from the fact that in spite of conflicting research findings on the benefits of prolonged breastfeeding, there is intensive breastfeeding compaign going on in the country. The 1998 GDHS data set was used in this study. Specifically, data on breastfeeding and other child feeding practices, childhood illnesses and anthropometry as well as some background information on mothers were utilised in this study. In all, data on a total of 2108 children aged 0-3 years were analysed. Bivariate analysis and linear regression models were used in analysing the data. Findings of the study show that almost 100% of Ghanaian children are breastfed for some time of their lives. The mean duration of breastfeeding was 19 months with mothers from urban areas and mothers with higher education breastfeeding for shorter periods than their counterparts. Other factors that significantly influenced the duration of breastfeeding included the age, educational level and employment status of mother, place of residence and type of toilet facility, morbidity especially diarrhoea and sex of household head. The study further revealed that breastfeeding beyond 18 months of age is associated with increased risk of malnutrition. (This finding is consistent with other studies from Ghana(Brakohiapa et al., 1988 and Nube and Asenso- Okyere, 1996) and other countries). The negative association between prolonged breastfeeding and nutritional status may be partially explained by the fact that children who continue to breastfeed beyond 18 months of age may be deprived of adequate qualities and quantities of supplementary foods either because of their impoverished situation or simply because their mothers are ignorant of the need to enrich and give adequate meals to supplement breastfeeding. It is also possible that such children may not have developed good appetite for other meals owing to delayed introduction of supplementary foods. In conclusion, the results of the find ings presented in this study show that, there is some evidence to suggest that prolonged breastfeeding beyond 18 months of age in Ghana is negatively associated with increased risk of malnutrition even after controlling for confounding variables. The policy implication from this study is that even though the promotion of breastfeeding is in the right direction, there is the urgent need for health workers to emphasis the need for mothers to give their children adequate qualities and quantities of supplementary foods in addition to breast-milk. Mothers should also be made to consider breastfeeding a secondary source of food (energy) for their children after the first six months of age. This will encourage the children to develop better appetite for supplementary foods from which they derive their daily energy requirement. These findings were however, limited by the fact that the GDHS data was inadequate in investigating the relationship between breastfeeding and nutritional status. Secondly, the findings are also limited by methodological errors in the study. In view of these limitations, it is suggested that further research be carried out using different methodological approaches. Further studies can also be carried out to assess the impact of prolonged breastfeeding on maternal health and nutritional status so as to ensure that extended breastfeeding is not done at the expense of mothers’ health.
Socio-Economic Impact of Logging Activity in Fanteakwa District
(University of Ghana, 2002-08) Boakye- Gyan, F.; Appiah-Kubi, K.; University of Ghana, College of Humanities, Institute of Statistical, Social and Economic Research
The subject matter of this study was to assess the impact of logging activities on the socio-economic development of the people of Fanteakwa District in the Eastern Region of Ghana. The study was carried out in three selected communities within the district, namely, Begoro, Akwansremu and Beseboum. These communities were selected because the logging activity has been consistent over the years and more so, the inhabitants of these communities have on several occasions shown their disapproval to the logging practices going on in the district. The primary aim of the study was to find out the extent to which the logging activities by logging firms operating in the district have affected the socioeconomic development. Primary data were collected from the three communities by randomly selecting one hundred respondents from hundred households. The data was collected through personal interviews guided by structured questionnaire as well as discussions with relevant institutions and stakeholders. Both univariate and bivariate as well as descriptive statistics were used to analyse the data. The study revealed that though the logging activity has brought some improvements such as the construction of access roads by timber firms, construction of school buildings and revenue to the District Assembly for the development of the district, it was found that the activity has not really help the people. These problems include the destruction of farms without due compensation, forest encroachment mostly by migrant settlers whose activities are enhanced by the access roads created by the timber firms, deforestation especially in the off-forest reserve and the rising activities of illegal chainsaw operators due to lack of alternative employment opportunities. Though the impact of logging activity on socio-economic development of respondents was difficult to assess in a short-term study such as this, it was identified that the most affected groups of people included indigenous farmers who have been farming in the off-forest reserve for over ten years and hunters. The expectations expressed by different groups concerning logging in the district were observed to be varied. While farmers in Begoro and Beseboum expected timber firms to embark on sustainable afforestation programme, those in Akwanserem expected the timber firms to increase their investment in the provision of socio-economic amenities in the affected communities. While total ban on logging was advocated by hunters, chainsaw operators called for the lifting of the ban on chainsaw operation. The study recommends a strong and effective collaboration among all institutions involved in forest management and the community not only for sustainable timber exploitation but also for the socio-economic development of the local people.
Constraints of Maternity Health Care Delivery in Government Hospitals: The Case of Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital
(University of Ghana, 2003-07) Bentsil-Quaye, R.; Ahiadeke, C.; Nsowah-Nuamah, N.N.N.; University of Ghana, College of Humanities, Institute of Statistical, Social and Economic Research
A study was conducted at the Korle-bu Teaching Hospital to determine the constraints of maternity healthcare delivery. Sixty-two patients as well as professional and non-professional staff were interviewed. The results indicate that 90.3% of patients who access maternity care at the hospital come from within Accra while 9.7% come from the immediate suburbs. An average of 167 patients attend antenatal clinic daily and most prefer KBTH to other hospitals because of the presence of expert medical personnel, 24 hours emergency service and lower charges. The majority of 53.0% of patients first attend antenatal clinic in the second trimester. An average of 40 admissions and 33 deliveries are made daily. Out of this. 33.2% are referred cases from other government and private health institutions. Referred and emergency cases often have to be treated on credit as patients come to the hospital with no money or luggage. The maternity department has 254 beds which are constantly occupied with extra patients lying on the floor. The length of stay at the hospital has been shortened to make bed space available to incoming patients. Some patients are not able to settle their bills after discharge. Some of these patients run away while others have their bills paid for them by Non-Governmental Organizations or individuals through the Social Welfare. The major constraints identified are shortage of nurses and doctors, lack of equipment and non-drug consumables, lack of storage space for files and a lack of bed space. The hospital has these limitations because it mainly depends on government funds which are not sufficient and are released late. To assist itself, the hospital generates funds internally through drugs and service charges.
Contribution of International Nongovernmental Organisations towards Sustainable Health Promotion in the Northern Region of Ghana.
(University of Ghana, 2003-08) Anarwat, S.G.; Tsekpo, A.; University of Ghana, College of Humanities, Institute of Statistical, Social and Economic Research
The study assessed the contribution of international NGOs towards sustainable health promotion in the Northern Region. It has also investigated the level of collaboration and networking among the international NGOs working in the health sector in the Northern Region as well as the key intervention areas of the International NGOs health programmes and the problems affecting their health programmes implementation among others. The Northern Region is plagued with a myriad of health hazards such as Guinea Worm, upper respiratory tract diseases, diarrhoeal diseases and malaria among others. Malaria has been the number one killer disease and the most prevalent in the region. Another major problem of health in the region is malnutrition, which contributes greatly to infant mortality. Consequently, there have been several attempts, initiatives and collaborative efforts of NGOs in the past decade toward health promotion in the Northern Region. The literature on health promotion in the Northern Region showed that the private sector especially the Mission and NGOs are more innovative in providing health services with community involvement. Both primary data comprising field survey (Questionnaire and key informants’ interviews) and secondary data principally obtained from reviews of the annual reports of the studied NGOs were employed to investigate the set objectives of the study. Six randomly selected international NGOs operating in the health sector of the Northern Region namely, Action Aid Ghana, World Vision, Action for Disability and Development, Planned Parenthood Association of Ghana, Christian Children's Fund of Canada and Adventist Development and Relief Agency were studied. Data collected were analysed with the aid of computer based spreadsheet programme (EXCEL) The study revealed that the selected NGOs are contributing greatly to health promotion in the region especially in the areas of HIV/AIDS prevention, Malaria Prevention, Nutrition, Provision of Potable Water and Sanitation education and logistical support to rural clinics. However, ethnic conflict, was found to be the most significant among the problems that affect effective implementation of their programmes in the Northern Region. The study discovered that there is a struggle for power and competition among the NGOs, unclear roles of NGOs, no networking of the health programmes among the international NGOs and no co-ordination of NGO activities in the region. However, all the NGO embraced the idea of Networking as a tool for sustainable health promotion. Based on the findings, the following policy recommendations were made among others: The Northern Regional Coordinating Council should coordinate the activities of NGOs in the Northern Region to avoid duplication of efforts. NGOs, should network their health programmes and activities and strengthen the collaboration among themselves and the Ministry of Health. Besides beneficiary communities of health programmes should be involved in the problem identification, planning, implementation and monitoring and evaluation of health programmes.
Contribution Of International Non-Governmental Organizations Towards Sustainable Health Promotion In The Northern Region Of Ghana.
(University of Ghana, 2003-08) Anarwat, S.G.
The study assessed the contribution of international NGOs towards sustainable health promotion in the Northern Region. It has also investigated the level of collaboration and networking among the international NGOs working in the health sector in the Northern Region as well as the key intervention areas of the International NGOs health programmes and the problems affecting their health programmes implementation among others. The Northern Region is plagued with a myriad of health hazards such as Guinea Worm, upper respiratory tract diseases , diarrhoeal diseases and malaria among others. Malaria has been the number one killer disease and the most prevalent in the region. Another major problem of health in the region is malnutrition, which contributes greatly to infant mortality. Consequently, there have been several attempts, initiatives and collaborative efforts of NGOs in the past decade toward health promotion in the Northern Region. The literature on health promotion in the Northern Region showed that the private sector especially the Mission and NGOs are more innovative in providing health services with community involvement. Both primary data comprising field survey (Questionnaire and key informants interviews) and secondary data principally obtained from reviews of the annual reports of the studied NGOs were employed to investigate the set objectives of the study. Six randomly selected international NGOs operating in the health sector of the Northern Region namely, Action Aid Ghana, World Vision, Action for Disability and Development, Planned Parenthood Association of Ghana, Christian Children's Fund of Canada and Adventist Development and Relief Agency were studied. Data collected were analysed with the aid of computer based spreadsheet programme (EXCEL) The study revealed that the selected NGOs are contributing greatly to health promotion in the region especially in the areas of HIV/AIDS prevention, Malaria Prevention, Nutrition, Provision of Potable Water and Sanitation education and logistical support to rural clinics. However, ethnic conflict, was found to be the most significant among the problems that affect effective implementation of their programmes in the Northern Region. The study discovered that there is a struggle for power and competition among the NGOs , unclear roles of NGOs, no networking of the health programmes among the international NGOs and no co-ordination of NGO activities in the region. However, all the NGO embraced the idea of Networking as a tool for sustainable health promotion. Based on the findings; the following policy recommendations were made among others: The Northern Regional Coordinating Council should coordinate the activities of NGOs in the Northern Region to avoid’ duplication of efforts. NGOs, should network their health programmes and activities and strengthen the collaboration among themselves and the Ministry of Health. Besides beneficiary communities of health programmes should be involved in the problem identification, planning , implementation and monitoring and evaluation of health programmes.
Contribution of International Non Governmental Organisations Towards Sustainable Health Promotion in the Northern Region of Ghana
(University of Ghana, 2003-08) Anarwat, S. G.; Tsekpo, A.; University of Ghana, College of Humanities, Institute of Statistical, Social and Economic Research
The study assessed the contribution of international NGOs towards sustainable health promotion in the Northern Region. It has also investigated the level of collaboration and networking among the international NGOs working in the health sector in the Northern Region as well as the key intervention areas of the International NGOs health programmes and the problems affecting their health programmes implementation among others. The Northern Region is plagued with a myriad of health hazards such as Guinea Worm, upper respiratory tract diseases , diarrhoeal diseases and malaria among others. Malaria has been the number one killer disease and the most prevalent in the region. Another major problem of health in the region is malnutrition, which contributes greatly to infant mortality. Consequently, there have been several attempts, initiatives and collaborative efforts of NGOs in the past decade toward health promotion in the Northern Region. The literature on health promotion in the Northern Region showed that the private sector especially the Mission and NGOs are more innovative in providing health services with community involvement. Both primary data comprising field survey (Questionnaire and key informants interviews) and secondary data principally obtained from reviews of the annual reports of the studied NGOs were employed to investigate the set objectives of the study. Six randomly selected international NGOs operating in the health sector of the Northern Region namely, Action Aid Ghana, World Vision, Action for Disability and Development, Planned Parenthood Association of Ghana, Christian Children's Fund of Canada and Adventist Development and Relief Agency were studied. Data collected were analysed with the aid of computer based spreadsheet programme (EXCEL) The study revealed that the selected NGOs are contributing greatly to health promotion in the region especially in the areas of HIV/AIDS prevention, Malaria Prevention, Nutrition, Provision of Potable Water and Sanitation education and logistical support to rural clinics. However, ethnic conflict, was found to be the most significant among the problems that affect effective implementation of their programmes in the Northern Region. The study discovered that there is a struggle for power and competition among the NGOs , unclear roles of NGOs, no networking of the health programmes among the international NGOs and no co-ordination of NGO activities in the region. However, all the NGO embraced the idea of Networking as a tool for sustainable health promotion. Based on the findings; the following policy recommendations were made among others: The Northern Regional Coordinating Council should coordinate the activities of NGOs in the Northern Region to avoid' duplication of efforts. NGOs, should network their health programmes and activities and strengthen the collaboration among themselves and the Ministry of Health. Besides beneficiary communities of health programmes should be involved in the problem identification, planning , implementation and monitoring and evaluation of health programmes.
Mining Commmunities Perception of Open Pit Operations: The Case of the People of Brahabebome
(University of Ghana, 2003-09) Bosompim, C. C.; Tsekpo, A.; University of Ghana, College of Humanities, Institute of Statistical, Social and Economic Research
Economic liberalisation in Ghana has made the hitherto unprofitable mining sector the most viable sector of the economy over the past decade. Cost effectiveness consideration and improved extraction technologies have combined to make open pit mining the preferred method of mining among the large number of mining companies operating in the country. However, the open pit mining has some perceived environmental consequences. The subject matter of this dissertation is to find out the perception of people of Brahabebome of the effect of surface mining operations on the environment. The study was carried out at Brahabebome a small community in the Wassa West District of the Western Region. The objective of the study is to investigate the perception of the people on the effect of surface mining activities on the environment. Primary data were as obtained by using simple random sampling to select 100 household heads and structured questionnaires administered to them. Again structured questionnaires were administered to regulatory institutions and other stakeholders as well as a non-governmental organisation. The study sought to find out the perception of the community of the effect of surface mining operations on water, air, forest land and birds and animals. Simple percentages were used to analyse the field data. It was found out from the study that 33% of respondents disliked surface mining activities because of the noise generated during operations; 31% of respondents disliked surface mining because of the perceived pollution of streams and other water sources. Also 29% of respondents mentioned dust generated during surface mining operations as their major dislike of surface mining operations and 5% of respondents the degradation of land. From the study it was found out that majority of respondents 98% rated the contribution of surface mining activities to noise generation as very significant. Further, it was found from the study that 74% of respondents share the view that the contribution of surface mining to air pollution was very significant. Additionally, 94% of respondents rated the contribution of surface mining to the removal of vegetation and forest cover as very significant 96% of respondents rated the contribution of surface mining activities to the destruction of farmlands as very significant or above average. Excavation due to surface mining is perceived to have badly denuded the land and with inhabitants limited as to the type crops to be cultivated very few, 4% of respondents are engaged in farming. It is recommended amongst others that excess land which is not needed for surface mining operations must be ceded to the community to enable them engage in farming and other related activities. Further more, Government must provide the policy and legislative framework for a process by which the mining firms, Government, non-governmental Organisations (NGO’s) and the community can communicate in a proactive and constructive way which will allow mining firms minimize the perceived negative effects on the local community.
The Socio-Economic Impact of Sand Winning In The Ga Districts
(University of Ghana, 2005-06) Tagoe, T.; Twerefou, D.K; Tsekpo, A; University Of Ghana, College of Humanities, Institute of Statistical, Social and Economic Research
One major problem found in the Ga districts is indiscriminate sand winning and its associated negative effects on the environment, farming and health. This study therefore aims at identifying and measuring the impact of sand winning on the socio-economic life of communities in the Ga districts. To achieve these objectives, the study examines and evaluates institutional and operational framework controlling sand winning communities and provides recommendations. I apply a cross sectional descriptive and expository method using frequencies, pictures, cross tabulations and means to measure the impact. Stakeholders such as the communities, chiefs and elders, district officials among others were interviewed. Data were also collected from Minerals commission, Town and City Planning Departments and the Ga District Assemblies. Findings from the study reveal that there is non-adherence to the ungazetted bye-laws and other operational standards by sand winners and some stakeholders. There are both positive and negative effects associated with sand winning. The benefits include income for the land owners, revenue for the districts assemblies, source of raw materials for building and construction and employment for the youth. The study further revealed that sand winning activities have serious negative effects on farming with most farmlands being leased for sand winning purposes. Health problems like malaria, skin diseases, bumli ulcer among others are found associated with indiscriminate sand winning activities. Other negative effects include low incomes, poor nutritional levels, increases in school drop-out and environmental degradation such as land degradation, air pollution noise pollution, Based on my findings I recommend the districts to expedite action on gazetting the byelaws for their effective enforcement and co-ordination amongst all stakeholders to enforce operational standards and to monitor the operations of sand winners. Other recommendations include; provision of education for all stakeholders about the institutional and operational framework, adoption of participatory approach to monitoring the operations of sand winners and creation of incentive for sand winners to operate legally.
The Effect of Pineapple Farming on The Livelihood of Pineapple Farmers in The Ga Districts
(University of Ghana, 2005-07) Abbey, A.; Quartey, P.; Twerefou, D. K.; University of Ghana, College of Humanities, Institute of Statistical, Social and Economic Research
The decision by the government of Ghana to diversify the agricultural sector through the Medium Term Agricultural Development Programme (MTADP), led to the establishment of the World Bank Funded Agricultural Diversification Project in 1991. The project sought to identify some agricultural products for development and promotion of which pineapple was the most prominent because of its high yield and export value. Government and other organizations have since encouraged pineapple cultivation among farmers. The aim of this research therefore is to ascertain whether pineapple farming has benefited farmers over the years. To achieve this objective, livelihood indicators were used to assess the impact of pineapple farming on farmers. There is ample evidence that pineapple farming has been beneficial to farmers. The net revenue generated from farming pineapple far more outweighs that of farming the other crops. This has helped them improve their welfare and reduce poverty. It is therefore not surprising that more than half the percentage of respondents had increased their farm size by three to eight acres over the five year period. Though pineapple farming has benefited farmers, more needs to be done in terms of access to loans, grants, technical training and improvements in logistics to enhance output. An organised market should be established to oversee the trade in pineapple if farmers are to increase their revenue.
Causes of Teenage Pregnancy in Senya Bereku Community of Awutu- Efutu- Senya District
(University of Ghana, 2005-07) Asamoah, J.; Ahiadeke, C.; Asante, F.; University of Ghana, College of Humanities, Institute of Statistical, Social and Economic Research
The main objective of the study was to investigate intofactors contributing to teenage pregnancy in the Senya- Bereku community of the Awutu-Effutu-Senya District, which has a high dropout rate of girls in the educational facilities make recommendations to the District Health Management Team and District Assembly of Awutu-Effutu-Senya District. The dissertation is based on data collected from the field between June 2004 and June 2005. Data on 200 adolescents of which 82 was male, 10 teenage mothers, 5 mothers of adolescent mothers and ten opinion leaders. Distribution of respondents was presented in tables, pie charts, bar charts and cross tabulations. The chi-square test was used to establish the association between independent variables stated in the hypothesis and teenage pregnancy. The finding of the study showed that coercion, career aspirations, parental control, knowledge and usage of contraceptives and involvement in extracurricular activities were significantly related to adolescent sexuality. The median age of sexual debut was 16 years for males and females, and there was poor usage of conventional family planning methods despite education on teenage pregnancy and HIV/AIDS. Programmes to help reduce the incidence of teenage pregnancy will need the combined efforts of all stakeholders. Health services and counselling centres should be established for the youth with emphasis on reproductive behaviour and sexuality. Early onset of education on teenage pregnancy and contraceptives are recommended for the youth in the early teenage years prior to the median age of sexual debut. Channeling of sexual energy into asexual activity such as athletics and clubs will be helpful for the youth. Teenage mothers can be helped and supported by the community to continue their education.
Effects Of Deforestation On Livelihoods Of Forest Fringed Communities In The Awutueffutu- Senya District
(University of Ghana, 2005-07) Dottey, R.T.; Appiah-Kubi, K; Ahiadeke, C.K.; University of Ghana, College of Humanities, Institute of Statistical, Social and Economic Research
The main objective of the study was to determine the effects of deforestation on livelihoods on forest fringed communities along the Yenku and Obotomfo forest reserves in the Awutu-Effutu-Senya District of the Central Region. These two FRs exhibit different levels of forest cover. The study found a high level of livelihood diversification in FFCs along both reserves with FFCs along the Yenku exhibiting higher standards of living than FFCs along the Obotomfo. The study found a higher level of capabilities in FFCs along the Obotomfo whiles levels of assets and asset conversion was not significantly different in FFCs along the two FRs. However, there was greater level of forest activity in FFCs along the Yenku leading to a greater level of direct economic benefit form the forest resource than was present in Obotomfo. .This was regardless of the fact that the Yenku was more depleted than the Obotomfo. The study therefore concluded that deforestation had actually improved the economic lives of FFCs along the Yenku whiles an improved forest had been to the economic detriment of FFCs along the Obotomfo. The study therefore recommended that other forms of livelihood diversification that are forest based but sustainable are researched into, eg ecotourism and value addition to forest products. Also avenues should be created to make better ease of transfer between and within the three variables of capabilities, assets and activities at FFC level.
The Dynamics of Urban Poverty in Ashiedu Keteke Sub-Metropolitan Area: Youth Unemployment and Coping Strategies
(University of Ghana, 2006-07) Oduro, C.
This study examines three main issues concerning the youth in the Asbiedu Keteke Sub-metropolitan Area. These include their poverty profiles, unemployment problems and coping strategies. Central to the increase in urban poverty is the rise in unemployment especially among the youth. This provides the point of departure for this dissertation. The first section shows how Ashiedu and its environs, although constituting the commercial heartland of Accra, have not reached its potential in economic development. The Sub metro houses all the important commercial facilities like markets, restaurants and lorry parks in Accra, as well as all the major financial institutions. But it is the most deprived Sub-metro in the Greater Accra Region. It also accommodates almost an the poor communities in Accra like Old Fadama (Sodom and Gomorrah), Salaha, and Jamestown among others. Being the commercial center of the Metropolis, it has become densely populated and also attracts migrants from all parts of the country. The commercial activities in the area, 'low cost areas' (slums) as wen as fishing activities have made the place a haven for the youth who did not go to school or have dropped out of school and do not have regular employment. The study identifies rural-urban migration as one of the main causes of urban unemployment especially among the youth. Low level of education as a result of high drop out rate was also seen as one of the major problems that lead to poverty and unemployment in the Sub-metro. The survey sampled tine deprived communities in Ashiedu Keteke (one from each electoral Area) for the study. Having outlined the causes and dimensions of this sluggish economic position of the Sub-metro, the study considers how the unemployed youth survive through both economic and non-economic strategies. Most of the youth living in these areas are living in extreme poverty. Their living standard is low and most of them face accommodation problem. They have low level of education; they do not have regular jobs and are involved in so many activities to survive. Some also use immoral and illegal means to survive. Family support and support from network groups as well as involvement .in non-formal sector money making activities were also seen as some of the survival means for the youth. With this in mind it is argued that addressing the current situation of urban youth unemployment, growing poverty and inequality (as well as redressing the legacy of past inequities) requires broad municipal response to urban youth unemployment. Instead of the current tendency to view poverty simply as the product of income and consumption deprivation, a more widely defined response to urban poverty reduction, based on a livelihoods framework, is proposed.
Dynamics Of Housing Among Poor Migrants: A Case Study of Agbogbloshie / Old Fadama In The Ashiedu-Keteke Sub-Metropolitan Area.
(2006-07) Bangu, J.
Access to housing is a key social issue in Ghana. The housing market is characterized by insufficient existing stock, inadequate housing delivery frameworks, limited financial provision and hence ongoing under-supply. Large numbers of Ghanaians, even informal employment, find it difficult to access housing. The Poor bears a disproportionate burden of the housing shortage especially in the city of Accra. This has resulted in the proliferation of slums in major cities including Accra and the subsequent housing market in these settlements. Target II of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) is specific on achieving a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers world wide by 2020. Implicitly this recognition highlight slums as a development tissue which needs to be faced because of its effects on the life of individuals and families. In Ghana, the GPRS I in line with the declaration propose the upgrading slum settlements targeting 500 thousand people. All these initiatives suggest the urban poor have a unique form of housing themselves that might not conform to acceptable international and national standards. The study essentially sought to identify the extent of the housing challenge the poor migrants encounter and the processes they go through in housing themselves. The Agbogbloshie / Old Fadama located in the city of Accra is patronized by migrants from the different regions of Ghana largely employed in the informal sector of the economy. Two main category of dwelling units were identified, namely the shacks and the kiosks, shacks are however the dominant and preferred dwelling units in the settlement. A large group of renters live along with owners also known as slum landlords. The shack seems to suggest permanency as well as best fit to withstand the threats of the weather. For those renting, the daily rental unit cost ¢4500and ¢7000respectively for a shack and kiosk respectively. Occupancy is very high beginning from 10 to as high as 20 people depending on the size of the unit. Contrary to the often repeated reports on the settlement as a chaotic place, the study observed a highly organized informal housing market regulated by slum land lords with considerable influence. In the context of housing, the study observed a trend in which migrants graduate from a lowly placed new migrant to a sophisticated middle income individual, who may reside outside the settlement yet has vested interest in the settlement. The pace of graduation seems to depend on the rate of integration into the urban setting as well as improvement in income.
Fish as Bioindicators of Habitat Degradation in Coastal Lagoons
(University of Ghana, 2012-06) Eugenia, B.B.; Armah, A.K.; Dankwa, H.R.
Lagoons and their wetlands are some of the most biologically and ecologically important ecosystems. The lagoon habitat also forms an integral part of the marine fishing industry and provides important spawning and nursery grounds for many fishes. Aquatic communities including fish and other species act as biological indicators of water quality and alterations by summarizing information about their environment. Two lagoons, Laloi and Oyibi in the and Greater Accra and Central Regions of Ghana were studied from January to May to determine the ecological status using the Estuarine Fish Community Index (EFCI). Metrics assigned were the species diversity, trophic integrity, nursery function and species abundance and composition. At each site, water samples were taken at the riverine, middle and seaward portions during both high and low tides. Fisher folks were hired to fish at each of the sites. Uni-variate analyses (diversity) indices showed no significant differences between sites. Multi-variate analysis (Bray-Curtis similarity) showed a significant similarity between sites in relation to species composition. Eighteen species including both finfish and shellfish were identified. The flat head grey mullet (Mugil cephalus) and the black-chinned tilapia (Sarotherodon melanotheron) were the two most abundant species during the study. Mugil cephalus dominated catches in the Laloi lagoon and Sarotherodon melanotheron dominated catches in the Oyibi Lagoon. S. melanotheron, Lutjanus fulgens and Eucinostomus melanopterus were the most abundant species collected for the Laloi lagoon. Caranx hippos, L. fulgens, and M. cephalus constituted a major part of fishes caught in the Oyibi lagoon. The carangid, Caranx hippos contributed much of the biomass of fishes collected for both lagoons. Total fish abundance was greatest in the rainy season than the dry season. Chloropyll a concentrations and condition factor of S. melanotheron where highest at Oyibi Lagoon than Laloi Lagoon. Total organic carbon was observed to be high in the Oyibi lagoon hence the high numbers of S. melanotheron recorded. Tides were important factor affecting physico-chemical parameters. From the metrics assigned, Oyibi had a moderate site rating, suggesting that it was under moderate stress. The main stress factors identified were garbage dumping, defecation, land use changes and increased human pressure. Laloi Lagoon had a poor site rating, suggesting that it was under severe stress. The main stresses identified were overfishing, mangrove degradation, garbage dumping and increased human settlements along the sides of the lagoon. The multi-metric index described is an effective method that reflects the status of lagoon fish communities and the overall ecosystem conditions.
Compliance with National Health Insurance Registration Conditionality in Leap Beneficiary Households in Yilo Krobo
(University of Ghana, 2012-12) Kwaku, L.F.; Aryeetey, E.B.D.
The Livelihood Empowerment Against Poverty (LEAP) programme is a social protection measure that employs conditional cash transfer as a means of investing in human development to benefit the poor. LEAP includes conditionalities, which are intended to encourage poor households to prioritize the human capital development of the beneficiaries. This study examined compliance with the conditionality that LEAP beneficiary households have to register with the National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS). The study involved primary data collection with 62 respondents in four communities of the Yilo Krobo District. The data was subjected to regression analysis to determine the relationship between NHIS compliance among low income (extremely poor) households and the size of household, age of household head and education of household head (independent). NHIS registration compliance was the dependent variable. Results from Pearson Correlation analysis showed that there exist no significant correlation between NHIS compliance and age of household head, and education of household head. However, there existed a positive relationship between size of household and NHIS enrolment compliance.
Determinants of Factors Influencing Householders' Access to Improved Water and Sanitation Facilities in Selected Low-Income Urban Areas of Accra
(University of Ghana, 2013-07) Mahama, A.M.; Anaman, K.A.; Osei-Akoto, I.
The urban population in Ghana keeps increasing with resultant pressures exerted on the resources of the nation and congestion created especially in slums or informal areas. These have caused much pressure on the few facilities especially in the areas of water and sanitation and have contributed to worsening urban poverty. This study analysed the factors influencing householders‟ access to improved water and sanitation facilities in selected low-income urban areas of Accra. The selected five (5) localities were Nima, Accra New Town, La, James Town and Bubuashie and were classified as migrant, mixed and indigenous communities. A systematic sampling method was used to select 1,500 households from 100 enumeration areas with 15 households selected from each enumeration area. In order to address the objectives of the study, each of the dependent variables dealing with improved water and sanitation was reclassified into two categories using dummy variables. As such, 1 was used to represent householders with access to either improved water for drinking, improved water for other purposes or access to improved toilet facilities and 0 (zero) for unimproved sources of these facilities. Chi-square analysis was employed to establish whether there was statistically significant association between access to improved or unimproved water and sanitation facilities and selected socio-economic variables. Binary logistic regression analysis was also used to determine the factors which influenced households' access to improved water and sanitation facilities. The results of the analysis of the survey data revealed that only (4.4%) of the respondents had access to improved drinking water while 34.7% had access to improved access to toilet facilities based on the definitions used in this research study. However, based on broader definitions suggested by WHO, respondents with access to improved drinking water were 40.7% and those with access to improved toilet facilities were 84%. The statistically significant determinant of householders‟ access to improved drinking water was household income (wealth). However for access to water for other uses such as cooking, the statistically significant factors influencing the use of improved water were education, income (wealth) and location of the householder. Compared to migrants, indigenes and people from mixed areas were more likely to have access to improved sources of water for other purposes. The significant factors determining access to improved toilet facilities were education, income (wealth), location and gender. Indigenes and people from mixed background were more likely to have access to improved toilet facilities as compared to the migrants. Males were less likely to have access to improved toilet facilities as compared to females. Some of the policy recommendations suggested based on the findings of the study included the need for government to upgrade the living status in the rural areas in order to minimize the rapid rural to urban drift which tends to cause so much pressure on the few existing facilities in the urban areas. Educational programmes on hygiene and public health as well as creation of more job opportunities are crucial in empowering the population to understand and contribute to the improvement of water and sanitation in the country. Religious leaders should also use their platforms to persuade their followers to change their “negative” behaviours and attitudes concerning environmental sanitation to help advance the development of the country.
Social Implications of Contraceptive Use for Women in Yilo Krobo District
(University of Ghana, 2013-07) Alhassan-Bibarajie, V.; Ahiadeke, C.; University of Ghana, College of Humanities, Institute of Statistical, Social and Economic Research
One of the world’s problems in the 21st century has been high population growth which slackens economic growth and development of many developing countries. This is fueled by high fertility rates especially in the rural areas. The era between 1960 and now has seen unprecedented development in the area of birth control mechanisms but with very little decrease in human population particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. With the proliferation of modern contraceptives and Ghana’s enunciation of a family planning policy in 1969, it is anticipated that family sizes will drop to the barest minimum (replacement level). Rural areas still have the highest fertility rates due to issues related to their work, accessibility, affordability of contraceptives and to a large extent, culture. This study adopted both qualitative and quantitative data collection methods. One hundred and fifty six (156) women between the ages of 15 and 49 were investigated for the quantitative aspect of the study and a focus group for the qualitative aspect. The role of women, place of children, contraceptive perceptions and fertility preferences as told by women formed the sinews of this research.It was found that both old and young women have extended knowledge of contraceptives. Also educational background wasfound to be quite influential oncontraceptive use which increased with increased education. Place of work and whether or not respondent belongs to an association also influenced fertility. Average number of children desired was four.
Determinants of Repayment Performance of Group and Individual Lending in Microfinance: A Case Study in the Upper West Region of Ghana
(University of Ghana, 2013-07) Bumbie, M.Y.; Steel, W.; Asante, E.A.
The study was carried out in the Upper West Region of Ghana. The main objective of the study was to compare the repayment performance of group clients and individual clients of microfinance institutions in order to bring to light factors that determine repayment performance in groups and individual credit beneficiaries. Two financial institutions namely WACCU and SRB were involved in the study. Finding showed that individual lending yielded a better repayment performance than group lending. This outcome was attributed to the fact that most individual clients as compared to group clients presented collateral before loans were given out and a large proportion of group members were relatives. Finding also suggests that the mobilization of savings by MFIs improves repayments in both group and individual lending. Client’s access to loans from other FIs did not have any effect on repayment. However access to future and bigger loans enhanced repayment. In addition access to future and bigger loans served as the lead motivator for repayment in both lending methodologies. Regular repayment and visits in a form of monitoring enhances repayment. The ability of a group to self-select each other and the rejection of someone from the group as a measure of screening improves repayments. The study also showed that social ties in form of mediation and borrowing to make timely payments did not affect repayment. However a large proportion of relatives in groups lower repayment performance.

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