Browsing by Author "Clottey, E.A."
Now showing 1 - 2 of 2
Results Per Page
Sort Options
Item Institutions, Politics and Land Administration in the Ga State in Ghana(University of Ghana, 2015-07) Clottey, E.A.; Aryeetey, E.; Amanor, K.S.; University of Ghana, College of Humanities Development StudiesDecades of rapidly growing urban population, the growth of a business and middle class with money to invest, and an expanding private sector with large investment capital and the ability and willingness to pay high prices for property have resulted in rapid commoditisation of land in the Ga State. Concomitant with these are highly insecure land ownership, land litigation and conflict, poor land use planning and enforcement of land laws. Investigating the processes by which communal and statutory lands become difficult to access and tenure insecurity are necessary to determine the potential outcomes of contemporary and future land administration reforms. Specifically, the study investigates the politics of property rights institutions creation and change from 1876 to 2010 in the Ga State in Ghana. The study‟s methodology was philosophically grounded within the pragmatism paradigm which used a convergent parallel mixed methods research approach. Qualitative and quantitative data collection was concurrently done. Selection criteria for in-depth interviews (30) and FGDs (8) of chiefs, family heads and bureaucrats (30 in all) were based on purposive sampling and „snowballing‟ technique. Quantitative data collection involved a household survey of 323 households in 52 localities in 4 purposively selected traditional areas namely Nungua, Tema, Kpone and Gbawe in the Ga State. Archival data from PRAAD, Ghana Law Finder Database and Government of Ghana reports complemented primary data. The Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) a multi-tier conceptual framework was used to do a systematic analysis of evolving power relations in decision making concerning land administration between the Ghanaian State and the Ga State actors from 1870s to 2010. Generally, results indicate that in a path-dependent manner, all governments (colonial and post-colonial) used state hegemony to impose land rules on Ga land owners and society. A general lack of cooperation and inadequate information characterized the relationships between governments‟ actors and the Ga chiefs and people. Such interactions and high levels of distrust among Ga chiefs, family land owners and individuals resulted in declining trusteeship ideals of Ga land tenure. Speculation in land, wanton land sales, land conflicts and chieftaincy disputes, landlessness, demolition of property and loss of life due to land litigation therefore remain still prevalent in the Ga State. Hence, despite comprehensive interventions such as LAP I, access to land and tenure security remains an acute challenge within the Ga State as some communities and social classes face dire situations of land tenure insecurity. LAP I was poorly conceived and implemented. Set targets for LAP I were hardly achieved- high transaction cost in resource allocation, customary boundary demarcation fiasco and only 8000 out of 50,000 land title certificates were issued in Accra and Kumasi. Self-interested politicians and bureaucrats maximized LAP I budgets and protected their parochial interests for top positions in the new Lands Commission. With regards to customary land administration, empirical evidence suggest that with the exception of Gbawe which has invested in establishing a functional, accountable and self-sustaining customary land secretariat, chiefs and family landowners in Tema, Nungua and Kpone lacked the capacity to manage land well. One key implication of these findings suggests the need for property rights institutions in Ghana to be more inclusive rather than extractive. Inclusive institutions allow different people with different objectives to collectively decide and enforce sanctions on land administration. The study recommends among others more research on Ga land tenure for adaptation into national land policies and the active involvement of Ga chiefs, wulomei, family heads and people in both statutory and customary land administration.Item Laboratory Rearing of the Cocoa Aphid Toxoptera Aurantii (Boy) and Screening Cocoa Genotypes for their Resistance to the Aphid(University of Ghana, 2001-08) Clottey, E.A.; Padi,B.; Attah, P.K.; Owusu, E.; University of Ghana, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science (DABCS)A study was conducted to develop a quick and efficient laboratory mass-rearing method for the cocoa aphid Toxoptera aurantii (Boy) and to screen cocoa genotypes for their resistance to the aphid. In a similar experiment, two cocoa genotypes were screened to determine their level of attractiveness to the cocoa capsid Sahlbergella singularis Hagl and the results compared with those from the aphid study. The study formed part of an on-going programme being conducted by the Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana (CRIG) to develop more vigorous, high-yielding cocoa genotypes that are also resistant to diseases and insect pests. To raise adequate numbers of experimental aphids, a number of leguminous and vegetable plants as well as tree crops, including cocoa (Y44), were evaluated for their suitability as rearing materials. Two aphid susceptibility evaluation methods were developed, one involving the use of very young seedlings of open pollinated Amazon cocoa (T85/799) and Trinitario (Y44) origins, and the other involving older seedlings of 25 clonal materials and 25 pair-wise crosses. Four cocoa progenies (Na32 x T60/887, P30 x P 30, ICS39 x Y44 and T79/501 x Pa 150) of different genetic sources were also screened to determine their levels of resistance to T. aurantii. In addition, tender shoots of the T85/799 and Y44 were screened to determine their level of attractiveness to the cocoa capsid Sahlbergella singularis Hagl. using a laboratory “microtest” method and the results compared with findings from the aphid study. None of the leguminous and vegetable plants tested were suitable for rearing T. aurantii. Of the tree crops tested, cocoa (Y44) emerged as the best rearing material (producing 107 aphids/seedling in two weeks), followed by the Citrus varieties Mediterranean sweet (50 aphids/seedling) and Late Valencia (24 aphids/seedling), and Coffea canephora (18 aphids/seedling). Cola nitida was found unsuitable. For both the Y44 and T85/799 young seedlings, aphid multiplication rate was highest on seedlings infested one week after cotyledon opening (179 & 91 aphids/ seedling, respectively) and lowest on those infested three weeks after cotyledon opening (38 & 9 aphids/seedling, respectively). There was positive correlation between the aphid infestation levels and the number of crinkled leaves produced (r =0.94 for Y44; r = 0.93 for T85/799). Thus, the number of crinkled leaves produced after eight weeks were highest on seedlings infested one week after cotyledon opening (4 for Y 44 & 2 for T85/799) and lowest on seedlings infested three weeks after cotyledon opening (one for Y44 and zero for T85/799). The number o f aphids produced after one week and the number of crinkled leaves produced after eight weeks were scaled to provide criteria for determining aphid resistance. For the older cocoa seedlings, aphid multiplication rates differed significantly (P<0.01), with the clonal materials T85/799 x Pound 25 (58 aphids/seedlings) and T60/887 x Pound 7 (52 aphids/seedlings) emerging as the most susceptible whilst P30 (5 aphids/seedling) and T63/971 (7 aphids/seedling) were the least susceptible. With the pairwise crosses, (T85/799 x Pound 7) x (T60/887 x Pound 25) (62 aphids/ seedling) and IMC 85 x IMC 47 (57 aphids/seedling) were the most susceptible while Pound 10 x Pound 15 (4 aphids/seedling) and T60/887 x T63/971 (10 aphids/ seedling) were the least susceptible to aphid infestation. Results from the two evaluation methods (using very young and older seedlings) established differences in susceptibility levels among the four cocoa progenies screened. The Trinitario progeny Y44 x ICS39 was the most susceptible, followed by the Amazon progenies T79/502 x P a l50, Na32 x T60/887 and the Amelonado progeny, P30x P30, in decreasing order. It was concluded that young cocoa seedlings of Trinitario Y 4 4 , not more than one week after cotyledon opening, were the best of all the materials tested for rearing T. aurantii under insectary conditions at 24 } 30C and relative humidity range of 72-85%. The comparable results obtained on the multiplication rate/crinkled leaf formation from the aphid study and the number of capsid lesions recorded in the laboratory microtest screening, strengthen the view by earlier workers that level of aphid resistance/ preference in cocoa types can be used as an index for determining their resistance to or preference by capsids and other sucking insects. It is anticipated that, at least, a few more of the cocoa types screened in the present study for aphid resistance/preference will be used in future studies to further confirm the view that cocoa types susceptible/resistant to 71 aurantii are also susceptible/resistant to capsids