Browsing by Author "Asare-Nkansah, S."
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Item Analytical Techniques for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Clinical Toxicology(Springer, Cham, 2023) Bekoe, S.O.; Asare-Nkansah, S.; Opuni, K.F.M.Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) and clinical toxicology (CT) studies play significant roles in understanding and controlling the observed variabilities in therapeutic response of administered drug products, as well as proffering measures to improve the safety and efficacy of treatments that patients receive. However, the optimization of patient care through TDM continues to remain a challenge in many health jurisdictions despite the numerous advancements and progress in analytical techniques and technology. The practice of TDM and CT in the optimization of patient care is still evolving and requires a myriad of technical and material resources to achieve the needed optimal health outcomes. One of the critical elements in this endeavour is the availability of analytical techniques that are sensitive, cost effective, and high performing in terms of accuracy and precision and also possess seamless workflow. This chapter, thus, discusses the various high-throughput analytical techniques employed in TDM and CT, as well as the challenges associated with their respective applications as reported in the literature. It must be emphasized that consideration for a suitable analytical method for TDM and CT comes with careful planning and decision making. Factors to be considered include but are not limited to the availability of expertise (clinical and laboratory), equipment/instrument, the physicochemical nature of the target analyte (drug, metabolite, toxicant, or toxin), and the clinical situation presenting the need for TDM. Other important factors such as sample preparation and storage, analytical method development and validation, and interferences associated with matrix effect also require careful consideration in order to assure the reliability and quality of TDM or CT data needed for informed clinical decision.Item Anthelmintic Agents from African Medicinal Plants: Review and Prospects(Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2022) Jato, J.; Orman, E.; Boakye, Y.D.; Bekoe, E.O.; Bekoe, S.O.; Asare-Nkansah, S.; Spiegler, V.; Hensel, A.; Liebau, E.; Agyare, C.Soil-transmitted helminthiasis affects more than 1.5 billion people globally and largely remains a sanitary problem in Africa. These infections place a huge economic burden on poor countries and affect livestock production, causing substantial economic losses and poor animal health. The emergence of anthelmintic resistance, especially in livestock, and the potential for its widespread in humans create a need for the development of alternative therapies. Medicinal plants play a significant role in the management of parasitic diseases in humans and livestock, especially in Africa. This report reviews anthelmintic studies that have been conducted on medicinal plants growing in Africa and published within the past two decades. A search was made in various electronic databases, and only full articles in English were included in the review. Reports show that aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts and polar fractions obtained from these crude extracts form the predominant (80%) form of the extracts studied. Medicinal plants, extracts, and compounds with different chemical groups have been studied for their anthelmintic potential. Polyphenols and terpenoids are the most reported groups. More than 64% of the studies employed in vitro assays against parasitic and nonparasitic nematode models. Egg hatch inhibition, larval migration inhibition, and paralysis are the common parameters assessed in vitro. About 72% of in vivo models involved small ruminants, 15% rodents, and 5% chicken. Egg and worm burden are the main factors assessed in vivo. There were no reports on interventions in humans cited within the period under consideration. Also, few reports have investigated the potential of combining plant extracts with common anthelmintic drugs. This review reveals the huge potential of African medicinal plants as sources of anthelmintic agents and the dire need for in-depth clinical studies of extracts, fractions, and compounds from African plants as anthelmintic agents in livestock, companion animals, and humans.Item Development and Validation of an Ion-Pair HPLC-UV Method for the Quantitation of Quinoline and Indoloquinoline Alkaloids in Herbal and Pharmaceutical Antimalarial Formulations(Hindawi Journal of Chemistry, 2022) Bekoe, S.O.; Orman, E.; Adjabui, S.A.; Brobbey, A.A.; Oppong-Kyekyeku, J.; Opuni, K.F-M.; Kuntworbe, N.; Asare-Nkansah, S.Quinine- and cryptolepine-based antimalarials serve as valuable alternatives to artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) in Ghana. *eir use, however, is associated with adulteration and substandard quality challenges. An HPLC method targeting quinoline and indoloquinoline antimalarial alkaloids was developed, validated, and applied to evaluate herbal and pharmaceutical antimalarial formulations (HPAFs) and starting materials (APIs). *e separation/quantitation of the alkaloids (including quinine, quinidine, cinchonine, cinchonidine, dihydroquinine, dihydroquinidine, and cryptolepine) was achieved on a Zorbax SB-CN column (250mm× 4.6 mm, 5 μm), with an isocratic elution system of methanol: trifluoroacetic acid (0.1%, v/v) (15 : 85, v/v) at 1.5 mL/min and 223 nm. Method validation was according to ICH Q2(R1) guidelines. It was then used to assess the quality of APIs (n = 3) and HPAFs (n = 44) including quinine-based pharmaceutical antimalarial formulations (QBPAFs) (n = 23) and herbal antimalarial products (HAMPs). *e method was found to be specific, selective, accurate, precise, and robust toward the alkaloids with linearity achieved within specified concentration ranges (r2 > 0.995 for all analytes). Analyte stability ranged between 6 and 12 hours. All the APIs contained quinine <99.0%–101.0%, with dihydroquinine and cinchonidine at levels compliant with the established acceptance criteria. *e QBPAFs had quinine content ranging between 50.2% and 151.2%, with 43.5% (n = 10/23) of them complying with the acceptance criteria. *erelated alkaloids observed in the QBPAFs included quinidine (56.5%, n = 13/23), dihydroquinine (100%, n = 23/23), dihydroquinidine (21.7%, n = 5/23), cinchonine (17.4%, n = 4/23), and cinchonidine (95.7%, n = 22/23). For the HAMPs, 81.0% (n = 17/21) were adulterated with quinine (0.59 ± 0.04 mg/10 mL–86.03 ± 0.02 mg/10 mL). Cryptolepine was identified in 19% (n = 4/21) of the HAMPs with concentration ranging between 43.99 ± 0.43 μg/mL and 747.86 ± 0.34 μg/mL. In conclusion, the application of the ion-pair HPLC method targeting quinoline and indoloquinoline antimalarials has demonstrated the presence of quality and poor-quality HPAFs on the Ghanaian market.Item Quality Assurance of Samples for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Clinical Toxicology(Springer, Cham, 2023) Bekoe, S.O.; Asare-Nkansah, S.; Opuni, K.F.M.The integrity of samples employed for therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) and clinical toxicology (CT) has a significant impact on the quality of data obtained for clinical decision-making. Samples usually employed for TDM and/or CT are obtained either using invasive or non-invasive approaches, and these include blood, plasma, or serum (invasive approaches), urine, and saliva (non-invasive approaches). Lack of standard operating procedures for samples in the pre-analytical stage could lead to variabilities in analysis results because of factors such as haemolysis (blood samples), inappropriate cooling and storage (urine samples), and desiccation of saliva. Therefore, assuring the quality and integrity of samples obtained for TDM and CT studies is a requirement for reliable data suitable for informed clinical decisions for patients as well as medical emergencies. It is an irrefutable emphasis that the assurance of the quality of samples meant for TDM and CT assessments correlates strongly with the quality of data obtained for clinical interpretation and implementation of optimized care. This chapter thus addresses major concerns, regarding the quality assurance of samples for TDM and CT.Item Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy and Chemometric Strategy Enable the Classification and Detection of Expired Antimalarial Herbal Medicinal Product in Ghana(Hindawi, 2021) Mensah, J.N.; Brobbey, A.A.; . Addotey, J.N.; Ayensu, I.; Asare-Nkansah, S.; Opuni, K.F.M.; Adutwum, L.A.To meet the growing demand for complementary and alternative treatment for malaria, manufacturers produce several antimalarial herbal medicinal products. Herbal medicinal products regulation is difficult due to their complex chemical nature, requiring cumbersome, expensive, and time-consuming methods of analysis. *e aim of this study was to develop a simple spectroscopic method together with a chemometric model for the classification and the identification of expired liquid antimalarial herbal medicinal products. Principal component analysis model was successfully used to distinguish between different herbal medicinal products and identify expired products. Principal component analysis showed a clear class separation between all five herbal medicinal products (HMP) studied, with explained variance for first and second principal components as 37.51% and 26.38%, respectively, while the third principal component had 18.74%. Support vector machine classification gave specificity and accuracy of 1.00 (100%) for training set data for all the products. *e validation set HMP1, HMP2, and HMP3 had sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 1.00. HMP4 and HMP5 had sensitivity and specificity of 0.90 and 1.00, respectively, and an accuracy of 0.98. *e support vector machine classification and principal component analysis models were successfully used to identify expired herbal medicinal products.*is strategy can be used for rapid field detection of expired liquid antimalarial herbal medicinal products.