i UNIVERSITY OF GHANA MOTIVATION AND JOB PERFORMANCE AMONG TEACHERS IN LA- NKWANTANANG MADINA EDUCATION DIRECTORATE BY RUTH DONKOH (10508551) THIS THESIS IS SUBMITTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF GHANA, LEGON IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF MPHIL PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION DEGREE JULY, 2016. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh i DECLARATION I hereby declare that apart from the references to other people’s work which have been acknowledged, the work presented is the result of my own practicum as a student of the University of Ghana, Legon. I also declare that this thesis has not been presented to any institution, for the award of any diploma or degree. I bear sole responsibility for any shortcomings of the work. ……………………. ……………… RUTH DONKOH DATE (10508551) University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh ii CERTIFICATION I hereby certify that the preparation of this thesis was supervised under my custody and was in accordance with the guidelines on supervision laid down by the university. …………………………. …………………….. ALBERT AHENKAN, PhD. DATE (SUPERVISOR) University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh iii DEDICATION To God Almighty, the Omnipotent, the Omnipresence and the creator of life and to Dr. Albert Ahenkan for all efforts he made to bring me this far. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT To Jehovah be the glory and adoration for the opportunity and grace bestowed on me to write this thesis. The thought, development and completion of this thesis were made possible by the good will, support, tolerance and inspiration of many people. It is in view of this that I acknowledge such contributions. Firstly, I am grateful to Dr. Albert Ahenkan, my supervisor, who kindly and devotedly supervised my work with extreme patience, consistent guidance, sense of commitment and attention to offer constructive corrections throughout the study. Secondly, my appreciation goes to the Department of Public Administration and Health Services Management for giving me the chance to undertake this research successfully. I also extend gratitude to all basic school head teachers and teachers who helped in the data collection. God bless you all. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh v Table of Contents DECLARATION ............................................................................................................................. i CERTIFICATION .......................................................................................................................... ii DEDICATION ............................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................. iv LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................................... ix LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ......................................................................................................... x ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................. xii CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................. 1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 1 Background of the study .................................................................................................. 1 Statement of the Problem ................................................................................................. 3 Research Objectives ......................................................................................................... 4 1.3.1 The specific objectives ...................................................................................................... 4 Research Questions .......................................................................................................... 5 Significance of Study ....................................................................................................... 5 Scope of the study ............................................................................................................ 6 Organization of the Study ................................................................................................ 6 CHAPTER TWO ............................................................................................................................ 8 LITERATUREREVIEW ................................................................................................................ 8 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 8 Theoretical Literature ....................................................................................................... 8 2.2.1. Concept and Overview of Motivation ............................................................................... 8 Theories of Motivation on Learning Outcome ................................................................. 8 2.3.1. Maslow’s Theory of Motivation ........................................................................................ 9 2.3.2. Victor Vroom’s Theory of Motivation .............................................................................. 9 McGregor Theory of Motivation ..................................................................................... 10 Herzberg’s Theory of Motivation .................................................................................... 11 Importance of Motivation ................................................................................................ 22 Motivational Strategies for Teachers .............................................................................. 24 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh vi Concept of Performance ................................................................................................. 26 Employee Performance ................................................................................................... 27 Teacher job performance ................................................................................................. 28 Problems Affecting Teaching Performance .................................................................... 30 The Impact of Motivation on Student Performance ....................................................... 32 Empirical Literature ....................................................................................................... 34 Some Related studies on Motivation and Performance ................................................... 34 Conceptual Framework .................................................................................................. 39 CHAPTER THREE ...................................................................................................................... 46 METHODOLOGY ....................................................................................................................... 46 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 46 Research Design ............................................................................................................. 46 Target Population ........................................................................................................... 47 Sampling Technique ........................................................................................................ 47 Sample Size ..................................................................................................................... 48 Data Source .................................................................................................................... 49 Data Instrument .............................................................................................................. 50 Validity and Reliability of Instruments ........................................................................... 52 Data Collection Procedure ............................................................................................. 52 Data Analysis ................................................................................................................. 54 Study area ....................................................................................................................... 55 3.9. Limitation of the work ..................................................................................................... 55 3.10. Ethical Issues .................................................................................................................. 56 CHAPTER FOUR ......................................................................................................................... 58 PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA ........................................................................ 58 4.1. Introduction .................................................................................................................... 58 4.2. Preliminary Analysis ...................................................................................................... 58 4.2.1. Normality Test ................................................................................................................. 60 4.2.2. Reliability Test ................................................................................................................ 61 4.2.3. Demographic of the Respondents .................................................................................... 62 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh vii 4.2.4. Correlation ....................................................................................................................... 65 4.3. Addressing Research questions ...................................................................................... 66 4.3.1. RQ1: What is the state of teachers’ motivation and teacher job performance ................ 66 in La-Nkwantanang? ..................................................................................................................... 66 4.3.2. RQ2: What is the effect of motivation on teachers on their job performance? ............... 72 4.3.3. RQ 3: Is there a difference between teacher’s motivation across public and private school? ............................................................................................................................. 74 4.3.4. RQ 4: Is there a difference between teacher’s performance due to school type (public and private school)? ......................................................................................................... 74 CHAPTER FIVE .......................................................................................................................... 76 DISCUSSIONS OF FINDINGS ................................................................................................... 76 5.1. Introduction .................................................................................................................... 76 5.2. Discussion of Findings ................................................................................................... 76 5.3. The state of motivation and performance of teachers in La-Nkwantanang .................... 76 5.3.1. The effect of teacher motivation on their job performance ............................................. 77 5.3.2. Difference between Teacher’s motivation and Teacher job performance due school type (Public and Private school). ..................................................................................... 79 CHAPTER SIX ............................................................................................................................. 81 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ......................... 81 6.0. Introduction .................................................................................................................... 81 6.1. Summary of Findings ............................................................................................................. 81 6.2. Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 82 6.3. Recommendations .......................................................................................................... 82 6.4. Further Area of Studies .................................................................................................. 84 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 85 APPENDIX 1 ................................................................................................................................ 93 APPENDIX 2 .................................................................................................................................. 1 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh viii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Conceptual Framework ................................................................................................. 39 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh ix LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Type of Schools and Number of Teachers Used ............................................................ 48 Table 2: Tests of Normality .......................................................................................................... 60 Table 3: First Reliability Analysis Test of All Variables ............................................................. 61 Table 4: Second Reliability Analysis Test of All Variables ......................................................... 62 Table 5: School Types and Sex of Respondents ........................................................................... 62 Table 6: Age of Respondents ........................................................................................................ 63 Table 7: Educational Status .......................................................................................................... 63 Table 8: Marital Status .................................................................................................................. 64 Table 9: The Professional Rank .................................................................................................... 64 Table 10: Teaching Experience .................................................................................................... 65 Table 11: Correlational Matrix of Study Variables ...................................................................... 65 Table 12: Descriptive of Extrinsic Motivational Factors .............................................................. 66 Table 13: Descriptive of Intrinsic Motivational Factors ............................................................... 68 Table 14: Descriptive of TJP Dimension-Teaching Skills ........................................................... 69 Table 15: Descriptive of TJP Dimension-Management Skills ..................................................... 69 Table 16: Descriptive of TJP Dimension-Discipline and Regularity ........................................... 70 Table 17: Descriptive of TJP Dimension-Interpersonal Relations ............................................... 70 Table 18: Descriptive of TJP Dimensions .................................................................................... 71 Table 19: Regression between Teacher Motivation and Teacher Job Performance ..................... 72 Table 20: Regression between Teacher Motivation and Teacher Job Performance ..................... 73 Table 21: Independent Sample T-test of Motivation and School Types ...................................... 74 Table 22: Independent Sample T-test of Teacher Job Performance and School Types ............... 75 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh x LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS BECE : Basic Education Certificate Examination CVI : Content Validity Index EI : Executive Instrument GES : Ghana Education Service GNAT : Ghana National Association of Teachers GPRS : Ghana Poverty Reduction Strategy IM : Intrinsic Motivation LICs : Low Income Countries MEO : Municipal Education Office MMDA : Ministries Municipalities Departments and Agencies NAGRAT : National Association of Graduate Teachers RQ : Research Question SMC : School Management Committee SPSS : Statistical Package for Social Science TCLP : Tennessee Career Ladder Program TJPSQ : Teacher Job Performance Self rating question University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh xi TJP : Teacher Job Performance TJPQ : Teacher Job Performance Questionnaire TLM : Teaching and Learning Material UMaT : University of Mines and Technology University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh xii ABSTRACT Teachers in Ghana have expressed a lot of discontent about the absence of human resource development, poor working conditions, poor compensation and poor human relations in schools. This has caused high teacher turnover tied with poor grades in Junior High Schools owing to lack of dedication towards work. The work focused on motivation of teachers on their job performance in La- Nkwantanang Madina Education Directorate. The objective of the study was to find the effect of motivation on job performance of teachers. A sample of 110 teachers was drawn from some selected basic schools in La-Nkwantanang Madina Education Directorate in Greater Accra. It was found that teachers were generally demotivated. Again, the study found teacher motivation to have a significant effect on job performance of teachers. Lastly, the study found difference in both teacher motivation and job performance of teachers due to school type. In order to improve teacher motivation and performance at work, the study recommended among others; such as increased salaries, provision of accommodation to teachers, strengthening of supervision and instituting awards for good performance. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 1 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Background of the study Nduom, P.K. (2012) iterates that the Ghanaian Educational System lacks the quality it deserves because there are many schools who cannot boast of decent teaching and learning environment. There is enormous pressure on facilities as many teachers and pupils compete for limited classroom spaces. Library facilities are hardly found in many of our basic schools which does not allow for better teaching and learning. The poor performance of pupils is characterized by inadequate teacher motivation, low remuneration and poor condition of service. Teachers are the pillar of an educational system. The attainment and failure of educational activities depends highly on their performance. Teachers’ decision and behaviors are likely to influence the well-being and prospect of a nation including the lives of the country’s next generation (Keshwar, 2013). Motivation is essential as high motivation improves output which is in the interest of all educational schemes. This classifies why states and establishments have become interested in motivation which leads to job satisfaction of their workforce with the view to maintain, retain and utilize them to the best of their talent (Seniwoliba, 2013). Motivation is seen as the most important among these factors and the most difficult to manage (Hafiza et al, 2011). University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 2 Ampofo (2012) reiterated that motivation enhances employee satisfaction and describes how content people are with their work. Performance may be defined as the ability to join skillfully the right behavior towards the attainment of organizational goals (Ammin, 2013). Seniwoliba (2013), the Ministry of Education demands a very high measure of loyalty, dedication, patriotism, hard work, and commitment from its teachers. Similarly, the role and contexts of motivational methods cannot be overemphasized because high motivation heightens performance which is in the interest of all educational system. Education in Ghana is categorized into three stages: Basic Education (Kindergarten, Primary school, and Junior High School), Secondary Education (Senior High School, Technical and Vocational education) and Tertiary Education (Universities, Polytechnics and Colleges). In Ghana, education is mandatory to all children between the ages of four and fifteen years (basic education). For any education system to flourish and achieve its goals the role of teachers have to be paramount. This is because teaching is a mass occupation, which account for one-half to two-thirds of public sector employment in most developing countries (Bennell, 2004). Chisato (2010) posited that mere enthusiasm and good intentions may not be enough to improve the quality of education; therefore the relevance of motivation and job performance is very crucial to the long-term growth of any educational system around the world. Studies on teacher motivation in education have discovered different factors that motivate and demotivate teachers, the impact of teacher motivation on their teaching, the relationship between teacher motivation and pupil motivation, the means by which University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 3 teacher motivation can be increased in various working scenarios (Addison & Brundrett, 2008; Dinha & Scott, 2000; Pelletiar, Levesque, & Legault, 2002; RotH, Assor, Maymon, & Kaplan, 2007; Smither& Robinson, 2003). The magnitude with which teachers are able to motivate their pupils depends on how motivated teachers themselves are (Atkinson, 2000; Bernaus, Wilson, & Gardner, 2009; Guilloteaux & Dörnyei, 2008). It is in view of these reasons that teachers are to be perceived as skilled workers rather than a "cheap" labor to achieve educational objectives. Statement of the Problem Motivation has been a major problem with organizations, institutions and their employees in time past. Motivation places human resource into action. It is through motivation that the human resources can be employed to the fullest. It increases level of competence of personnel and leads to accomplishment of organizational objectives and thereby building relationship among workers (Ampofo, 2012) Job performance hinges on the skills and environment as well as motivation. Deficit of any one of these areas harms performance. Ampofo (2012), teachers in Ghana have articulated a lot of discontent about the absence of human resource development, poor working conditions, poor compensation and poor human relations in schools. This has caused high teacher turnover tied with poor grades in primary schools owing to lack of dedication towards work. Some recently recruited teachers last at post for just one year. The condition of service seems to fall short and teachers’ anticipation results in resignations, non-resumption of duty after study leave University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 4 and vacation of post. The general mood of those remaining is not hopeful as they show other forms of withdrawal syndrome such as absenteeism, lateness and passive job conduct. Unfortunately, despite the significance and complexity of this subject, inadequate literature has been published on them (William, 2011). Salifu and Seyram (2013) observed that quality teaching has become the focus of many education systems including that of Ghana, and yet little attention has been given to teacher motivation that could ensure quality teaching and improved learning outcomes. It was in light of the above that the research sought to ascertain the true picture of the state of motivation of teachers, investigate the relationship between teacher motivation on job performance in public basic schools using the La-Nkwantanang Madina Education Directorate as a study area. Research Objectives The main objective of the study was to examine the effect of teacher motivation on job performance. 1.3.1 The specific objectives 1. To assess the state of teachers’ motivation on teacher job performance in La- Nkwantanang Madina municipality. 2. To assess the effect of teacher’s motivation on their job performance. 3. To assess teacher’s motivation on school type (public and private school). 4. To assess teacher’s performance on school type (public and private school). University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 5 Research Questions 1. What is the state of teachers’ motivation on teacher job performance in La- Nkwantanang Madina municipality? 2. What is the effect of teacher’s motivation on their job performance? 3. Is there a difference between teacher’s motivation on school type (public and private school)? 4. Is there a difference between teacher’s performance on school type (public and private school)? Significance of Study Motivation of individuals or groups is essential in any human endeavor. Teacher motivation is no exception in this direction as it ends to encourage them to work hard. This is based on humanitarian and democratic ideas, and its value are based on respect for the quality, worth, and dignity of all people. Its practice is focused on meeting human needs and developing human potential. Among others, it is envisaged that the study will be of great significance for a number of reasons. First and foremost, the result and recommendation from the study will help the La-Nkwantanang Madina Education Directorate realize what they can do to help their teachers to be better prepared to meet the state’s mandate without having them feel overwhelmed, therefore increasing teacher motivation and improving pupils’ performance. The study will serve as a tool to influence and enrich government policies on the treatment of not only teachers, but also the other workers in the civil and public services through contribution of ideas, alterative solutions, and best practices in employee University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 6 management. Also, the findings will extend to the frontiers of knowledge in the academic field specifically, employee management where students and future researchers will make reference to this more to further and strengthen their findings. Furthermore, the study seeks to add to existing knowledge and skills to help managers and administrators identify motivational strategies that boost teachers’ morale to perform. Additionally, the study is undertaken with the explicit objective of enabling the researcher to obtain Master of Philosophy in Public Administration in the University of Ghana. Scope of the study The study was carried out in the La-Nkwantanang Madina Education Directorate. The rationale for selecting this directorate was to investigate whether performance exhibited by teachers was due to the motivational packages and satisfactions they received on their job or not. Organization of the Study This thesis is organized into six chapters. Chapter One presented background to the study which entails the statement of the problem, objectives of the study; the research questions, the statement of hypothesis, the significance of the study and the scope of the study. The Second Chapter deals with the review of literature. It also covered a review of theoretical and empirical literature pertaining to the topic. In addition, it also deals with the theories that explained motivation and teacher retention as well as performance on the job. Chapter Three focused on methodology of the study. It covered the population, the sampling size, the sampling method, the research instruments used for collecting relevant data and the limitation that was encountered in collection of data. The Forth Chapter University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 7 discussed the results, presentation and analysis of the data obtained from the field. Chapter five was based on the discussions of findings of data obtained from the field. Chapter Six Summarizes findings and presents conclusion and recommendations. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 8 CHAPTER TWO LITERATUREREVIEW Introduction The motivational theories which have been summarised in this study entails McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y, Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory, Herzberg’s two-factor theory, and McClelland's Acquired Needs Theory. Then this chapter is concluded with the review of some related studies and researches carried out by other researchers. Theoretical Literature 2.2.1. Concept and Overview of Motivation According to Reiss (2014) motivation means a feeling of enthusiasm, interest or commitment that makes somebody want to work, a reason for doing something or behaving in a certain way. Psychologically, it means the forces determining behaviour, the biological, emotional, cognitive or social forces that activate and direct behaviour. Robinson (2012) motivation is the force that energizes behaviour, gives direction to behaviour and underlines the propensity for perseverance. Theories of Motivation on Learning Outcome Psychologists have argued that all behaviours are motivated. There are reasons why people do the things they do and that behaviour is oriented towards the achievement of certain goals and objectives. That is why Freud (2010) and other psychologists like Taylor (2000) generally agreed that man is motivated by the desire to satisfy a number of University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 9 needs. This is true because there is no hesitation that teachers whose financial needs are not satisfied will be psychologically and socially demoralized in their working attitude and this is of enormous effect to the performance of such teachers. When teachers salaries and allowances are paid on time, this will reduce the number of teachers absenteeism which is rampant in primary schools. Some teachers report to school only to register in the attendance book and moves out in pursuit of other businesses which will earn them additional money to make both ends meet since the salary is meagre. This attitude makes the pupils to go home after a whole day with nothing done or either one or two subjects for a day. This limits the morale of pupils towards learning. 2.3.1. Maslow’s Theory of Motivation Maslow (1954) came up with the theory of hierarchy of needs. This is grounded on clinical supervision and logic. In this theory of motivation, he emphasised that individuals are motivated to fulfil several different kinds of needs, which are more essential than others. Maslow argued that a satisfied need does not ensure behaviour but unsatisfied need. This means that the teacher’s behaviour in the classroom is as a result of his needs. In other words, his needs stimulate his behaviour in the classroom in no small measure. Locke et al. (2002), in order to motivate someone, you need to understand what level of the hierarchy that person is and focus on satisfying those needs above that level. 2.3.2. Victor Vroom’s Theory of Motivation Victor V. (1964), in his own contributions advanced the expectancy valence theory. He stated that if an employee believes that efficient work will lead to salary increase, he will University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 10 intensify his effort and work hard. The theory recognizes that peoples moral are boosted only when their reasonable expectation will lead to a desired goal. Victor Vroom called this “Expectance theory” which emphasises performance and outcome. Motivation is a function of the expectancy in attaining a certain outcome in performing a certain act multiplied by the value of the outcome for the performance. Expectancy theory has two outcomes. First, outcome that are highly valued, and have high expectations of being realized will direct a person to make a greater effort in his taste. Secondly, outcome with high expectations, which are less highly valued or even dislike will reduce the effort expected. The implication of this theory is that an administration should take cognizance of the relationship of the first and second outcomes and use them to motivate his subordinates. McGregor Theory of Motivation Another human relation theorist McGregor (1984) in his work “the human side of enterprise”, progress to belief about human behaviour that could be held by different managers. He sees two sets of postulation made by managers about their employees. First is what he calls theory which views man on the following set of principle: Average human beings have an inherent dislike of work and will avoid it if possible. Due to these human characteristics of dislike of work, most people must be coerced, controlled, directed and threatened with punishment to get them to put forth suitable effort towards the improvement of the organization objectives. The average human being prefers to be diverted, wishes to avoid obligation, has relatively little determination and wants security above all. The holders of this vie believe that motivation of workers can be attained through authority and fear and that employees have to be closely monitored if good result University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 11 are to be obtained. The theory X set of assumptions about human behaviour postulates that people act to realise basic needs, and therefore do not voluntarily contribute to organisational aims. When these sets are the expected employee characteristics, managers believe that their task is to direct and modify human behaviour to fit the needs of the organization. Managers must persuade, reward, punish, and control those who do not naturally strive to learn and grow. By contrast, a Theory Y view of human behaviour sees people as motivated by higher order growth needs. According to Theory Y, management’s task is to enable people to act on these needs and grow in their jobs. Management’s essential task is to structure the work environment so that people can best achieve their higher order personal goals by accomplishing organizational objectives. Ampofo, P. (2012), managers are to enforce supervision and monitoring as well as serene atmosphere to enable employees to perform better in their work places after they have been motivated. Robinson, (2014), education system should redouble her efforts to provide an enabling environment for teachers to improve their performance. Herzberg’s Theory of Motivation According to Herzberg,( 1957) there are certain extrinsic factors which by their presence do not increase workers satisfaction on the job, but their absence may lead to job dissatisfaction and lower productivity among employees. Such extrinsic job conditions were environmental factors over which the employee has less influence. They include payment, interpersonal relations, organizational policy and administration, supervision and working conditions. These he called hygiene factors or dissatisfies. The implication of this factor is that it does not only rely on extrinsic rewards for motivating employees University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 12 for higher production but also incorporates in the job itself those elements that could help motivate employees. Herzberg’s theory has made major contributions in focusing attention on jobs redesign for the purpose of making the work more intrinsically satisfying. Hence, Herzberg’s theory has been found to be applicable in the field of education in the following ways: Motivation is related to leadership, for good leadership sets an example, provides guidance, encouragement and instructions. This can be one of the greatest motivational strategies of all primary schools, which effective principals will use to motivate staff and pupils. Another feature of motivation of teachers is that if teachers are properly motivated, this can change an otherwise mediocre group into a highly productive team. Good motivation of teachers is definitely related to morale. In a large organization, high moral is difficult to attain and motivation of teachers is a prime factor in achieving it. 2.3.5.1. Intrinsic Motivation According to Ryan and Deci (2000) intrinsic motivation is the performance of an activity for its inherent satisfaction rather than for some separable consequence. When people are intrinsically motivated, they engage in activities that interest them willingly, with a full sense of volition and without the necessity of material rewards or constraints (Deci et al., 2000). People who are intrinsically motivated feel that they are doing an activity because they have chosen to do so voluntarily and because the activity represents a challenge to their existing abilities and require them to use their creative capabilities. This kind of motivation is considered to be highly self-determined in the sense that the reason for doing the activity is linked solely to the individual’s positive feelings while performing the task (Noels et al., 1999). Deci and Ryan (2000) suggest that social environments can University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 13 enhance intrinsic motivation by supporting people's innate psychological needs. Strong links between intrinsic motivation and satisfaction of the needs for autonomy and competence have been clearly demonstrated, and some work suggests that satisfaction of the need for relatedness, at least in a distal sense, may also be important for intrinsic motivation. 2.3.5.2. Common intrinsic motivational factors 1. According to Curless (2010), one’s teaching philosophy can and does affect the teaching-learning process. In order to deal with complex role demands in the routine of teaching, one has to understand styles of pupils learning in a new educational paradigm that has been constructed, refined, adjusted, and repaired. While finding solutions to these difficulties, teachers should understand their own needs and the opportunities available in teaching, and should desire to participate in the pedagogical processes of pupils’ education within the school environment (Petress, 2003). A teacher’s academic role needs to be improved and transformed into the effective achievement of educational objectives. Carter (2013) stresses the importance of “academic content knowledge” in this complex process. According to her, the subject matter has to be taught via curricular activities that are significant in terms of teacher motivational strategies. Borko and Putnam (2006) noted that a teacher’s attainment of academic content knowledge is based on his or her personal beliefs. According to Bandura (2012) and Gülen (2010, 2011), greatest human behavior is learned observationally through demonstrating, so teachers are naturally role models, and this role modelling helps organize pupils for the future. Teachers are leaders in the University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 14 classroom, and their leadership should contribute positively to pupils performance and to the general atmosphere at school. As leaders in the classroom, teachers need to be visionary and exemplary, and to serve as examples. They should strictly avoid harming anyone, and use all their strength, energy and abilities for the good of their pupils . Lee and Stevenson (2007) observed that pupils compliance is an essential class management issue and is positively associated with academic performance. According to Baumrid (2001), there are four types of teacher classroom management styles: the authoritative style, the authoritarian style, the permissive style and the indulgent style. The authoritative style is characterized by behavioral principles, high expectations of appropriate behavior, clear statements about why certain behaviors are acceptable and others unacceptable, and warm student-teacher relationships. The authoritarian style tends to be characterized by numerous behavioral regulations. It is often seen as punitive and restrictive, and gives pupils’ neither a say in their management nor the courtesy of an explanation when appropriate; the teacher’s character is sometimes perceived as cold, even punishing. The liberal style is characterized by a lack of involvement. The environment is non-punitive, there are few demands on pupils’, and there is a lot of freedom. The indulgent style presents an environment where there are no demands on the student of any sort, and the pupils’ are actively supported in their efforts to seek their own ends using any reasonable means (Baumrind, 2001). 2. If teachers have recognised the necessary trust and bonds with the school management and have recognized proper channels to communicate and receive proper University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 15 feedback, this will not only improve their professional skills but also encourage the healthy development of their personalities (Kegan, 2002). Teachers need to be stimulated to talk about new ways of looking at their own development. Throughout their careers, they meet and respond to changing demands, conditions or educational paradigms. In this regard, Kegan (2002) posits that there are practical models of adult developmental stages that render the development of teachers as educators more coherent. Individuals, including teachers, may occasionally have difficulty communicating with others, or receiving due recognition and acceptance. Therefore, they need to be supported in their personal and professional career, which, of course, positively affects motivation and classroom effectiveness 2.3.5.3 Extrinsic Motivation Although intrinsic motivation is clearly an important type of motivation, most of the activities people do are not intrinsically motivated (Deci & Ryan, 2000). Indeed, many activities in work administrations are not encouraging and the use of strategies such as participation to enhance intrinsic motivation is not always viable (Gagne & Deci, 2005). Extrinsic motivation, in contrast to intrinsic motivation, needs an instrumentality between the activity and some independent consequences such as tangible or verbal rewards, so satisfaction comes not from the activity itself but rather from the extrinsic consequences to which the activity leads (Deci et al., 1991; Ryan & Connell, 1989). That is, the behaviour is not performed for its own sake, but instead to receive a reward or to avoid some penalty once the behaviour has ended (Pelletier et al., 2007). University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 16 Initial conceptualizations viewed intrinsic and extrinsic motivation as being invariantly antagonistic. Intrinsic motivation was considered self-determined, whereas extrinsic motivation was thought to reflect a lack of self-determination. However, later research has indicated that extrinsic motivation does not necessarily undermine intrinsic motivation and that it may even enhance it, implying that extrinsic motivation is invariantly controlled. These findings resulted in a more refined analysis of extrinsic motivation (Vansteenkiste et al., 2006; Pelletier et al., 1997). Deci and Ryan (2000) introduced a second sub theory, called organismic integration theory, to detail the different forms of extrinsic motivation and the contextual factors that either promote or hinder internalization and integration of the regulation for these behaviours. Specifically, various types of extrinsic motivation were distinguished that differ in their degree of autonomy or self-determination, depending on the extent to which people have been successful in internalizing the initially external regulation of the behaviour (Vansteenkiste et al., 2006). 2.3.5.4. Common extrinsic motivational factors 1. School environment: Teachers are part of the school society and bear the responsibility of encouraging safety in the school environment. It is well known that positive teacher behaviors, such as good lesson preparation and presentation, warmth, patience and confidence, generally lead to safe schools (Independent Project Trust, 1999). Clement et al. (2004) explained that a good classroom atmosphere promotes pupil involvement, enhances learning activities and self-confidence, and moderates anxiety. As emphasized in Bandura’s social learning theory (2001), through social interaction and the University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 17 maintenance of a role-model status, teachers can enhance the learning environment. Seeing themselves as change factors in their schools enables teachers to provide safe learning environments. Linda Darling Hammond from Stanford University explains that we need to create classrooms that are more personalized, with teachers working in teams with pupils’ in a supportive nurturing environment (Alliance for Excellent Education, 2008). According to Tschannen-Moran and Barr (2004), individual teachers make a difference in pupils achievement, but the collective efforts of teachers also have a positive influence on pupils. Tapola and Niemivirta (2008) examined 208 graders, looking at pupils goal profiles, motivation, and pupils preferences. They found that pupils’ achievement and motivation depend upon the classroom environment. Gülen (2006) argues that school is about much more than effectively teaching people during a particular phase of their lives. It provides pupils’ many possibilities for interacting with others. Whatever pupils’ learn in school affects them for the rest of their lives in positive or negative ways. School buildings reflect the importance attached to education. They are part of a community’s permanent infrastructure and also belong to future generations. Educating children is seen as a primarily public function. It is everyone’s right to be informed by, to participate in and to benefit from the provision of a satisfying public education. Society is pleased to teach and, ideally, offer learning facilities and supportive resources when needed. With this in mind, teachers’ attendance at a workshop or conference that is held at a facility with superior resources could be an eye-opening experience, and it might instigate them to organize and manage new resources and facilities. According to University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 18 Buckley, Schneider and Shang (2004), the quality of school buildings can affect teachers’ confidence and ability to teach, and their very health and safety. According to Gülen,(2004), such properly working and inspiring environment both affect teacher performance and motivation positively, and support pupils learning (Aslandogan & Cetin, 2007). Gülen (2004a) says that teachers are the front-line educators and need to be asked their views and insights about their working conditions. The forums and facilities in which they will air their opinions, share their professional experiences, and explore innovative ideas ought to be relaxed and comfortable and not threatening. Successful completion of any project or program can build respect, support and relationships between a pupil and teacher in a school environment (Brady, 2005). For example, in short-term projects, teachers and pupils’ can take extra roles and responsibility, and community-based facilities and committees can become involved. This may reduce the cost of the projects and motivate teachers, pupils and to a certain extent, the entire school community. The projects also may provide ways for teachers and pupils to become more familiar with the organization, design, condition, and utilization of the building or facilities. Having different programs and activities might shed light on vital ideas and events and enable teachers and pupils to understand their natural and human environment. 2. Stress vs. tolerance at workplace: The more teachers are motivated to teach, the more pupils will learn and be successful. According to Brophy and Good (2008), teachers enthusiasm is one of the core qualities in their effective teaching and instructional behaviors. This positive relationship highlights the importance of enthusiasm as a characteristic of effective teachers (Watt & Richardson, 2008). The other factor that University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 19 lessens the level of stress in education is humor. Without a rich sense of humor, teaching or learning may not be very enjoyable. It has also been established that an increased stress level cause a rise in blood pressure, which in turn lessens success in cognitive tasks, persuades feelings of helplessness, and makes it difficult to concentrate (Simon, 2009). Jepson and Forrest (2006) add that if teachers have high potentials of themselves, they may experience heightened stress and disappointment. The situation has become serious in Germany. As a result of stress-related conditions enormous numbers of teachers are taking disability leave or early retirement (Weber, 2004). According to Larchick and Chance’s (2008) study of 400 middle school teachers from 102 school districts, there are four exceptionally high-stress factors that teachers admit carrying into their classrooms: money management, health, relationships and care-giving. As a result of personal problems, teachers often miss deadlines and refer more pupils’ to the principal for disciplinary reasons. In the same study, teachers rated their principal’s willingness to help them cope with intense personal problems that interfered with their work (Larchick & Chance, 2010). Tolerance opens the doors to dialogue, and dialogue helps people to learn about each other. Gülen (2014) defines tolerance as being influenced by others and joining them; it means accepting others as they are and knowing how to get along with them” (p. 37). He sees tolerance as a kind of empathy and positive thinking and as a method for achieving coexistence with others. Tolerance is, therefore, being able to live with others while maintaining one’s identity. In fact, such respectful tolerance, mutual understanding and reciprocal respect positively affect the atmosphere in the classroom and the school. When pupils’ conduct themselves respectfully and harmoniously, this eases the teachers’ duty with respect to discipline and control. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 20 3. Financial incentives: In 2006, Figlio and Kenny surveyed school personnel practices in 502 schools across the country. They found that teacher salary incentives are associated with higher levels of pupils performance (Figlio & Kenny, 2006). According to their findings, teachers need to be in a position to meet their financial obligations. Discrepancies in teachers’ salaries certainly influence their motivation, classroom activities and effectiveness. Also, teachers with high salaries may feel more respected. Results of the research carried out by Tutor (2010) with the Tennessee Career Ladder Program (TCLP) clearly indicated that salary is one of the most influential factors that motivate teachers. The survey asked classroom teachers, “To what extent did salary influence your decision to participate in the TCLP program?” Teachers responded to these questions and they were ranking items by influence, and salary came in as one of the four highest-ranked items. Eberts, Hollenbeck and Stone’s (2002) case study of the implementation of a merit-pay system in a specific high school suggests that incentives do “work.” The merit-pay system is directly targeted at pupils’ retention, as defined by a measure understood and agreed upon by both teachers and administrators. Therefore, their results suggest that pay for performance incentives can motivate agents to produce outcomes that are directly rewarded. The ethics of teaching oblige teachers to gain pupils’ respect and to protect their own and their pupils’ dignity. Any positive act by a teacher has the possibility to produce a positive outcome or positive feedback from pupils (Wong & Waring, 2009). University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 21 It is useful here to remember a very simple principle from daily life: treat people as you wish to be treated, or simply “what goes around comes around” (Weingardt, 2009). Teachers ought to exert extra care not to place pupils in a negative light or in an embarrassing situation among others, especially among their peers. Teachers are not to promote wrong acts, attitudes, and responses. It is obvious that an embarrassed, intimidated, or inhibited student will not wish to participate in any activities or interactions. In other words, the consequences of unethical acts can directly affect motivation. This is not only a personal loss but also a collective loss in terms of society. Caroll (2007) compared Kant and Gülen (2000) works and indicated that both take human value and dignity as the basis for defining legitimate and illegitimate behaviors toward others in society. Within a classroom, which is a microcosm of larger society, teachers need to act sensitively to all people, since they are the role model, even if a pupil gives a wrong response to a request or question. In any awkward situation, teachers should respond in a way that does not cause humiliation. The response to a wrong must be right. When witnessing a pupil doing something wrong or exhibiting a bad habit, teachers should sensitively raise awareness about such wrong or bad habits, and warn all in general, rather than warning that particular individual directly. It is expected and hoped that the particular student will draw the moral from the general warning (Gülen, 2011). In short, protecting pupils self-esteem, personal honour and dignity is part of the responsibility of the teacher and the ethics of teaching. Doing so creates a positive relationship between the teacher and the pupils and provides a successful teaching experience for the teacher. Also, what make for excellent and caring teachers are their sensibilities, such as love, University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 22 engaging with intellectual work, the hope of changing pupils lives and a belief in equal rights (Nieto, 2003). Importance of Motivation Motivation is simply the cause of why human behave. To further stress on the meaning of motivation, Monday Holmes and Flippo (2010), see motivation as a process of stimulating an individual to take decision and action in order to achieve a specific desired goal. Morgan, King and Robinson (2014) defined motivation as a state, which individual derives behaviour towards some specific goals. Furthermore, Herzberg (2008) was not far from the perception of motivation from the above view as he defined motivation as the psychological process that arouse, direct and maintain behaviour towards a goal. Hence, going by the definitions of motivation as mentioned above, one can simply conclude that efficiency, good performance and high productivity is a direct function of adequate motivation on the part of workers in an organization. And when workers were properly motivated, leading to efficiency, good performance and high productivity, the implication of this is sudden and sustained rise in national growth and development and invariably the general improvement in the welfare of the citizens. That is why Mayor (2013) studies the work habits of the employees at the Hawttone Western plane in the 1920’s as recorded by Pugh (1990), and discovered that efficiency in the production process and increased output were being realized when employees were being motivated and the reverse is the case when they were not motivated. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 23 However, in the field of education, the role of motivation cannot be over emphasized. That is to say that motivation plays a very significant role in attaining the overall educational aims and objectives through teaching and learning process. To further buttress this argument, Ormond (2003) sees motivation as a direct behaviour towards attaining a particular goal. Bandura (2007) stated that the use of model to motivate pupils’ is recommended. Huffman (2011) sees motivation as a goal directed behaviour. Steers and Porter (2013) viewed motivation as concerned with how human beings are energized, sustained, directed, stopped and the type of subjective reaction presents in the individual whole as all these processes are taking place. Ugwu (2007) reiterated that behaviour has an origin, which terminates when the goal of an individual is achieved. Ekong (2010) emphatically stated that “to achieve effective performance in the teaching learning process, the teachers as well as the pupils’ must be motivated”. The reasons behind this are outlined below: In the classroom, motivation helps to increase efficiency and adequacy of behaviour. For instance, a motivated child would attend his classroom with zeal and interest. Such a pupil will always be in school, and carry out the necessary assignment. Motivation of teachers on the other hand is seen to be working tirelessly in the schools. They prepare their lesson notes as and when due, teaches pupils, gives assignments, conduct tests, exams, marks, and records them appropriate. Hence, Herzberg (1978) stated that if teachers are properly motivated, this can change an otherwise mediocre group into a highly productive team. Equally, motivation brings about the use of good teaching methods in the classroom. This is because; a motivated teacher presents his subjects University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 24 matter in a variety of ways thereby bringing originality in his teaching. Example, the use of teaching learning materials, various illustrations, concrete objects which make the lesson more interesting, effective and realistic. Motivation also brings competition and increases learning efficiency on the part of the learners. For instance, if the teacher uses positive reinforcement to reward pupils’ who answers questions correctly, or who performs highly in tests or examinations, other pupils’ who did not perform well will be challenged and hence encouraged to study harder which brings about competition in such classroom. Motivational Strategies for Teachers Studies on motivational strategies on teachers have shown that teachers by some kind of incentives are recognized as being effective. Incentives are often given in the form of money, that is money can be seen as part of the reward system designed to reinforce behaviour and therefore to motivate people to work towards the achievement of goals and those of the organization. The recognition of the goals and objectives of any establishment largely depends on how the workers perceive and react to their jobs. This attitude control teachers output. Without motivation, teacher performance would be highly hindered. The level of motivation of workers will determine the teachers’ response to the organizational rules, responsibilities and opportunities. Smith (2013) conceptualized the economic basis of human motivation. He believes that people work primarily for money and they are motivated to do only that which provide them with the greatest rewards. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 25 Apart from the monetary reward as a motivating factor, according to Herberg (1978), recognition, achievement, responsibility and the challenge of the work itself are vital parts of the reward system that can be offered by the management, as positive motivation irrespective of money. In the view of Seligman (2010), motivation is an inner feeling that generates a desire to achieve bigger and better things. Mayo (2010) agrees with Seligman (2010) when she said that productivity was directly connected to job satisfaction, which was derived more from intrinsic factor such as recognition and sense of fulfilment than from extrinsic factors such as pay and working conditions. According to Waitley D. (2006), apathy and lack of effort are healthy reactions of normal people to an unhealthy industrial situation. He was of the belief that people are naturally motivated to act responsibly, and to be self-reliant and independent. Moreover, Jenis et al (2005) investigated on the effects of persuasive communication which attempts to motivate teachers to conform to a set of recommendations by stimulating fear reactions. In this investigation, 200 sample pupils’ were exposed to three varying degrees of fear appeals and the result showed that fear was successful in arousing effective reaction which ascertained that workers perform their task. In educational setting, for administrators to motivate the workers, is that they do these things which they hope will satisfy these desire and convince the employee to act in a preferred manner. In an organizational set up like a school, the motivational strategies are concerned with how behaviour gets started. Motivational strategies for teachers as a study where it is applied to staff to discover what prompt people to behave the way they do. Taylor (2011) stressed on the psychological and sociological factors in making a teacher to do his or her job better. For instance, in school, if the principal shows appreciation for a teacher’s University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 26 performance and say to him or her… “you are doing a very good job, thank you” this act alone can make the teacher feel that his or her contribution is valued and therefore he or she is encouraged to do even more. In this case, the teacher had been psychologically motivated to continue his or her work as efficiently and effectively as possible. Furthermore, if teacher’s hard work is being considered when giving promotion and other benefits in the educational system, it will make teachers work effectively and efficiently. An administrator who wants efficiency must provide maximum motivation among his teachers and have keen appreciation of teachers’ behaviours. Concept of Performance One of the main duties of successful managers is to aid their employees increase job performance on a continuous basis (Aguinis, 2012). Performance management is therefore a continuous process which involves ‘identifying, measuring, and developing the performance of individuals and teams and aligning performance with the strategic goals of the organization. Individual performance is seen by (Aguinis, 2012) as the building block of organizational success, and virtually all organizations internationally have some type of performance management system. (Ohemeng, 2011) posits that performance management has become an important aspect to enhance the efficiency, effectiveness, and accountability of public organizations in the past 30 years. In view of (Osmani, 2012), performance management as a process helps organizations to identify their objectives, the necessary results to achieve these objectives, and the drivers that enable them to achieve these goals. Again, performance management has its focus on achieving the best results within the organization, department, team or individual level University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 27 through understanding or objectives, orienting efforts towards efficiency within a framework of planned goals, standards and skills required. Simply, performance management includes all activities that ensure the organization’s objectives are being met effectively. Employee Performance Griffin (2005) explored that the performance of an individual is determined by three factors i.e. motivation, work environment and ability to do work. Chandrasekar (2011) examined that the workplace environment impacts on employee morale, productivity and job performance both positively and negatively. If the work place environment is not liked by the employees they get de-motivated and their performance also affected. Poorly designed work timings, unsuitable authorities or duties, lack of appreciation, and lack of personal decision making opportunity. People working in such environment are not satisfied, they feel stress on themselves and it impacts on employee’s job performance. In another research, Adeyemi (2010) investigated the relationship between the leadership styles of principals and teacher’s job performance in secondary schools. He found that the principals mostly used democratic leadership style in schools as compared to autocratic style. It was the most commonly used leadership style by principals in the schools. His study also determined that there is a direct relationship between leadership styles used by Principals and teachers job performance. His study concluded that the performance of teachers is better in those schools where principals are having autocratic leadership styles as compared to those schools where Principals are having democratic style of leadership. Thus the autocratic style is the best style of leadership that can improve the productivity University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 28 and performance of teachers in schools. He also recommended that the principals should use both autocratic and democratic leadership styles in their schools from situation to situation in order to improve teacher’s job performance. Like, in certain situations they could apply autocratic style where it is applicable while in some situations they could use the democratic style. Organization success can only be achieved by the satisfied and motivated employees and good leadership (Malik, Danish, & Usman, 2010) Therefore, a good leadership style is required to lead the teachers and to enhance their efficiency in schools. Teacher job performance The performance of teacher is directly linked to process and product of education. Therefore, the performance of teachers is emphatic for the improvement of education. According to Okunola (2000) performance may be described as “an act of accomplishing or executing a given task”. It could also be described as the ability to combine skilfully the right behaviour towards the achievement of organizational goals and objectives (Olaniyan, 2009). Obilade (2010) states that teachers job performance can be described as “the duties performed by a teacher at a particular period in the school system in achieving organizational goals. Okeniyi (2005) says that it could be described as “the ability of teachers to combine relevant inputs for the enhancement of teaching and learning processes”. Peretemode (2013) adds that job performance is determined by the worker’s level of participation in the day to day running of organization. There are some factors which contribute to teacher’s performance. Some of such factors are : (i) Satisfying the learners through his teaching style and quality, University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 29 (ii) Apart from teaching, performance of other assignments as assigned by the Principal and the department, (iii) Management of class discipline, pupils’’ motivation and improvement of their achievement, (iv) Performance of his duties in a regular way, (v) Interaction with pupils’, parents, colleagues and high officials. Naugle (2000) puts forward that the goal of such assessment is the determination of the presence and extent of learning among pupils’, for which teachers are held responsible. Shymansky (1978) holds that the assessment of teachers’ performance is as important as the assessment of pupils’. Describing the need and use of assessment of teachers’ job performance, Murphy and Williams quote from Arvey (1998) that performance emulation is subtle subject. It is mostly use to; (i) Meet the basic needs of any organization, (ii) Improve the work force and provide certain administrative functions, (iii) Identify the strength and weaknesses of individual employees, (iv) Develop and evaluate human resources system, and (v) Harder (1989) adds that performance evaluation is also used to reward past performance and justify increments. According to Nhundu (2009), teachers performance is assessed for monitoring and evaluation purposes. However, in education sector there is great apprehension for the matters like who should be evaluated. Discussing the purpose of assessing teachers’ performance, Tan (2008) identifies the following purposes; University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 30 (i) Teachers performance is conducted for making decisions for permanency or promotion of teacher, (ii) Collection of information about the strengths and weaknesses of teachers, so as to improve their capacity and the conditions of school. (iii) Through collection of data, one can find out a clear picture of the condition of education, and (iv) Finally, it determines the standards of an institution to meet future challenges. Problems Affecting Teaching Performance There are many factors which affect the teaching performance in our educational system and hence include the following: Inadequate provision of facilities in schools for effective learning process. Osanyande (2008) observed that the school environment is no longer what it used to be. He further observed that dilapidated school infrastructures and instructional materials in the schools have changed the school environment. Ojernido (2012) opined that teachers are ill-equipped to teach the sciences coupled with the chronic problem of lack of motivation. The school just like any other organization needs money. Not just money but sufficient amount in orders to carry out their duties effectively. Since there is insufficiency in the provision of fund needed by the school administrators to operate the school, it will hinder the activities carried out in the classroom. The school needs money for putting up classrooms, offices etc. purchasing of equipment and where the money is inadequately provided, it becomes a hindrance for the school in the implementation of its programme. Irregular payment of teacher’s salaries or lack of motivation to teachers is another University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 31 problem militating against teaching performance. That is, no motivation is given to teachers in terms of promotion, seminars and workshops. Also, there is irregular payment of their salaries as and when due. These affect the teaching performance and academic performance of the pupils. Administrative style of the head teachers effect teaching performance to a large extent. Hence, the administrative style of head teachers should be democratic, empathy, consultation and goal oriented. When the administrative style of the head teacher is very poor, it leads to poor performance of the pupils in the school. As a result of this, it may lead to low self-esteem. This in turn may lead to truancy and dropping out of the school and will likely cripple the pupils future as Bowker and Klein (2011) noted. The societal view of the teachers and the attitude of the society towards the education system equally hinder the effectiveness of teaching performance in the classroom. The societal view of the teachers are looked down upon which is not pleasant. Wale (2005), said that he loved teaching, derived satisfaction from impacting knowledge to his pupil but what repelled him out was classroom situation. Also, Awaribor (2008), stressed that the best young people will be attracted to teaching as life line career if working conditions of the teacher is comparable to those enjoyed by other professional groups. The society do exhibit negative attitudes towards the school, by not showing interest in what goes on in the school and do not care to contribute its own part to the development of the school. They expect the government to do it all. Whenever the communities fail to participate in the affairs of the school, such as financial support, any plan for expansion in the school will not work out as expected. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 32 Inadequate supervision in school system is another problem militating against teaching performance in the school. Supervision is highly dispensable in the school if efficiency and good quality is to be achieved. Ukeje (2012) defined supervision as the process of over-seeing the performance of tasks assigned to an individual, a group or groups of people, with the aim of directing, and controlling it’s execution to a successful outcome. When there is inadequate supervision in the school, there will be a setback in the teaching and learning process and hence, the poor performance of the pupils’. Nwaogu (2006), opined that; supervision of instruction in the school entails the guiding and co-ordination of the work of the teachers helping learning to be facilitated. Eze (2002), said that in order to achieve possible best result, the school administrators should ensure adequate supervision of the teachers so as to make sure that the various tasks assigned to them are carried out effectively. Lack of accurate and adequate statistics also hinders the effectiveness of school administration. The administration sometimes overlook at proper record keeping as regards to the resources they manage, both the teachers, pupils, equipment, finance etc. Sometimes, the statistics are being either under-casted or over cast and this constrains effective planning and implementation of the school plans in the attainment of the school goals and objectives. The Impact of Motivation on Student Performance When there is proper motivation, it leads to good performance of pupils. Hence, the impact of motivation on pupils academic performance cannot be over emphasized, which are as follows: Motivation helps to direct and regulate the child’s behaviour. The University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 33 behaviour of such a pupil is always guided. The behavior is purposeful and persistent. For instance, when a motivated child is given an assignment in the school, he puts every effort to ensure that he gets the assignments correctly. Even when he fails the assignment, he does not get discouraged but rather puts more effort towards the achievement of his goals Omebe (2011). Also, the impact of motivation on pupils’ can be seen in the classroom settings. Motivation energizes the behaviour of the pupils and arouses them for action. Not only does motivation energizes the behaviour, it also sustains their interests and behaviour for a longer period of activity. Motivation helps to increase efficiency and adequacy of behaviour. For instance, a motivated pupil faces his class work with zeal and interest. Such pupil will always be in school and carryout the necessary assignment. Another impact of motivation on pupils’ performance could be seen in the behaviour of a motivated pupil which is selective in nature. The behaviour is directed towards a selective goals which the individual sets for himself Eze (2012). In such a situation, the pupil’s action or behaviour does not move in a haphazard manner, instead, it is being directed towards the achievement of a selective goal which the individual sets for himself. Example is when a pupil is determined to achieve high scores in examination; such a person selects appropriate behaviour such as studying hard, so as to attain his set goals and the motive ends by the achievement of the goals. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 34 Empirical Literature Some Related studies on Motivation and Performance Afful-Broni (2012) examined the relationship between motivation and job performance of staff at the University of Mines and Technology, Tarkwa and the leadership lessons to be derived. He established that low monthly salaries and the general lack of motivation were the major factors that reduced morale for high performance at the University. As a result, he recommended the need to encourage the University Council and other stakeholders to support management in developing income generating programs internally to help provide adequate incentives and allowances for the staff of the University. To Aacha (2010), teacher motivation has become an important issue given their responsibility to impart knowledge and skills to learners. The study investigated the effects of motivation on the performance of primary school teachers in Kimaanya- Kyabakuza division, Masaka district. Specifically, the study sought to find out whether motivation of teachers had any effect on their morale to perform and then explore the effect of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation on the performance of teachers. The majority of the teachers performed their activities with high morale as evidenced from reporting early at school, regular testing and examination of pupils and high turn up of teachers in staff meetings and school occasions among others. A significant positive relationship between intrinsic motivation and performance of teachers as well as positive relationship between extrinsic motivation and performance of teachers were found to exist in primary schools in Kimaanya-Kabakuza division, Masaka district implying that University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 35 extrinsic motivation affected the performance of teachers in Kimaanya-Kyabakuza division. In order to improve teacher motivation and performance at work, the study recommended increase in the salary of primary teachers to match the increased cost of living, provision of accommodation to teachers, strengthening of supervision as well as instituting awards for good performance, among others. Salifu and Seyram (2013) observed that quality teaching has become the focus of many education systems including that of Ghana, and yet little attention has been given to teacher motivation that could ensure quality teaching and improved learning outcomes. Drawing on contemporary literature on issues associated with teacher motivation, this conceptual paper critically examines and analyses the context of teacher motivation and professional practice in the Ghana Education Service. They studied to ascertain the factors that really affect teacher motivation in selected senior high schools in the Cape Coast Metropolis. Their major findings demonstrated that, wages and salaries, recognition for good work done, participation in decision making and conducive working environment were the major factors that really affect teacher motivation. In ranking the factors in order of importance, the teachers saw wages and salaries as their most important motivational factors. With reference to the finding, it was recommended that, educational administrators should be mindful of the wages and salaries of teachers (Adjei, Ahmed & Musah, 2013). The study of Manu et al (2013) was to identify the extent to which teachers are motivated intrinsically and extrinsically. Quantitative and qualitative methods of data collection were employed for the study. Data was collected from two senior high schools in Bongo University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 36 District. The research revealed low salaries and inadequate accommodation facilities as factors that de-motivate teachers in Bongo District. The study recommended the provision of descent accommodation facilities and providing incentive packages that are gender centred and rural bias to enhance performance. With study of Ngimbudzi (2009) the purpose was to examine the factors that are associated with teacher’s job satisfaction. A study sample of 162 (N=162) teachers was surveyed. The descriptive statistics techniques revealed that teachers are satisfied with aspects under the following dimensions: social benefits, meaningfulness of the job and support from administration. Conversely, the teachers indicated they are least satisfied with the aspects under the job characteristics dimension. Additionally, the independent t- test and MANOVA revealed significant differences in teacher’s job satisfaction in relation to gender, age, school, location and school type, but there are no significant differences in relation to marital status, teaching experience, teacher type and promotional position in all the five core job dimensions. Moreover, the stepwise regression model revealed that the meaningfulness of the job and job characteristics dimensions contributed significantly to teachers’ intention to remain in the job. Lastly, the bivariate correlation (Pearson) revealed that there is a significant relationship between job satisfaction and the five job dimensions: job characteristics, social benefits, meaningfulness of the job, support from administration and intention to remain in the job. The paper of Bennell (2004) focuses on teacher motivation and incentives in low-income developing countries (LICs) in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. In particular, it assesses the extent to which the material and psychological needs of teachers are being met. This includes overall levels of occupational status, job satisfaction, pay and benefits, University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 37 recruitment and deployment, attrition, and absenteeism. Unfortunately, despite the importance and complexity of these issues, there is very limited good quality published information. Given the limited duration of this assignment, it was only possible to collect basic data on teacher pay and conditions of service. More research on teacher motivation and incentives is therefore urgently needed. Akuoko et al. (2012) aimed, at examining the relationship between teacher motivation and delivery of quality education in public basic schools in Tamale metropolis. Stratified random sampling method was used to select 20 public basic schools from the urban and peri-urban areas and 216 respondents were selected from the schools through simple random sampling method. Self-administered questionnaires and simple observation were the methods employed for data collection. Relevant data obtained were analyzed using quantitative methods. Results from a chi-square test showed a significant relationship between teacher motivation and quality education delivery and there was no significant difference in terms of motivation between urban and peri-urban teachers in the metropolis. Majority of the teachers joined the service because of the interest they had in teaching but the level of motivation was too low. It was recommended that the living and working conditions of teachers should be improved and the opportunity for career advancement should be simplified for teachers to upgrade their professional knowledge and skills. Seniwoliba (2013) sought to contribute to the sketchy knowledge about the underlying factors that are important to teachers, those that motivate and satisfy them and those that cause them to leave the teaching profession. To investigate the concerns therefore, a sample size of 178 respondents from seven (7) Public Senior High Schools in the Tamale University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 38 Metropolis were interviewed using self-administered questionnaires reaching 143 males and 35 female teachers. The main finding of the study was that salary, working conditions, incentives, medical allowance, security, recognition, achievement, growth, pupils' discipline, school policy and status were found to be the ten most important factors of motivation to teachers that could enhance, retain or cause them to leave. There was also the general perception of inequity among teachers when they compare themselves with their colleagues with the same qualifications, experience and responsibilities in nonteaching organizations and therefore feel unfairly treated as professional teachers. They were equally dissatisfied with their pay compared to their inputs (skills, ability, and work load) as espoused by Adams’ equity theory of motivation. The paper recommends that participatory management decision making processes should be adopted to help resolve the issues emanating from the research particularly relating to the “intrinsic” de-motivating factors which could be addressed by the top management of most Senior High schools. Ololube, (2004) observes that significantly, job satisfaction and motivation are very essential to the continuing growth of educational systems around the world and they rank alongside professional knowledge and skills, center competencies, educational resources as well as strategies, which genuinely determine educational success and performance. His study assessed the differences and relationship between the level of teachers’ job satisfaction, motivation and their teaching performance. A questionnaire was used to collect data for the study. The data for the study was analyzed using multiple statistical procedures: mean point value, standard deviation, and variance, t-test of significance and One-way-analysis of variance (ANOVA). The survey results revealed that teacher related University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 39 sources of job satisfaction seem to have a greater impact on teaching performance, as teachers are also dissatisfied with the educational policies and administration, pay and fringe benefits, material rewards and advancement. Conceptual Framework Figure 1: Conceptual Framework e exttytiutuit EXTRINSIC FACTORS  Salary  Promotion  Award scheme  Professional advancement INTRINSIC FACTORS  Competence  Consultation  Achievement  Recognision TEACHER MOTIVATION SCHOOL FACTORS  TLM  Supervision  Parent  SMC TEACHERS PERFORMANCE MEASURED BY:  Attend ance  Contac t hours  Lesson delivar y QUALITY EDUCATI ON MEASURE D BY: B.E.C.E University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 40 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 41 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 42 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 43 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 44 The synergy to get work done (the chain of forces to maximize work spirit) This coinage has six basic concepts that explain the work; they include intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, teacher motivation, school factors, teacher performance, and quality education. This simply talks about sources of motivation as provided by various writers in the literature review, how such factors arouse satisfaction University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 45 of workers and lead to extra level of work output (performance). Finally, how the players are enticed to get glued to the profession without attrition. Motivation has a number of sources as various researchers have indicated. Among others are Intrinsic and extrinsic, all of which bring about satisfaction with the job, performance and retension. Extrinsic motivation includes physical incentives such as money and gifts of items to workers occasionally. Intrinsic motivation entails recognition and respect for workers, promotion and anything that gives hopeful future for workers. Dealing with extrinsic motivation, Maslow enlightens us with the potentials of physiological needs such as food, shelter and clothing to motivate workers. Jeremy Bentham reminds us about stick and carrots, and thus how extrinsic motivation and punishment energize workers among others. Also, on the intrinsic motivation, (Haizlip,2008) and (Agarwal, 2008) opine that even involving employees in decisions that affect them not only increases their personal commitment, but also motivates them to be advocates for their decisions. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 46 CHAPTER THREE METHODOLOGY Introduction This chapter outlines the methodology of the study. It gives an account of how the study was carried out to obtain data for the results. The chapter highlights the research design, target population, sampling technique, sample size, data source, instrument, data collection procedure, data analysis, study area, justification of study area, limitation of work and ethical issues. Research Design Bryman and Bell (2007) stated that a research approach can be seen as a general mechanism a study uses to conduct business research. There are two types of research approach; they are qualitative and quantitative approaches. However this study employed quantitative research approach. Quantitative research involves gathering data that is absolute, such as numerical data, so that it can be examined in unbiased manner as much as possible. This type of research is more structured and is based on the measurement of quantity or amount (Castellan, 2010; Creswell, 2009; Kotler & Kettler, 2006). This approach made use of statistical analysis to explain and compare findings. It uses numerical data to obtain information thereby maximizing objectivity (McMillan & Schumacher, 2006). The present study adopted a predictive correlational design because the study sought to investigate the effect of teacher motivation on teacher job University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 47 performance i.e. teacher motivation (predictor) and a criterion teacher job performance (i.e. the dependent variable). Target Population The population for this study was basic school teachers from public and private schools in La-Nkwantanang Madina Education Directorate in the Greater Accra region of Ghana. The target population of the current study included selected primary and JHS teacher in both public and private schools in the municipality. Sampling Technique The sampling techniques describe the selection of schools that participated in the study as well as respondents. The study employed purposive sampling since the idea was to obtain insight into the phenomena hence, the need to choose personnel who were well inclined with the education service. Purposive sampling was also used to select the schools within the targeted area for the study. This was guided by the fact that even though schools in the district had been chosen for the study all of them could not be used for the study. The number of schools in the district were chosen by the use of quota sampling technique to select staffs for the study. This method of sampling ensured that teachers, non- teaching staff and head teachers were equally represented to fill the questionnaire. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 48 Table 1: Type of Schools and Number of Teachers Used School Frequency and % School Type Total public Private Madina S.D.A. Frequency 28 0 28 % 51.0 0.0 51.0 Calvary Frequency 0 26 26 % 0.0 47.2 47.2 Pentecost Frequency 0 22 22 % 0.0 40.0 40.0 Roman Catholic Frequency 34 0 34 % 61.8 0.0 61.8 Total Frequency 62 48 110 % 56.4 43.6 100.0 Field Survey, 2016 Sample Size Sample size could be explained as the suitable number of participants required to attain the desired study results (Bryman & Bell, 2003). Determining sampling size is important to establish statistically reliable results. There have been several opinions regarding appropriate sample sizes. For example Hair and colleagues (Hair, Anderson, Tatham, & Black, 2005) stated that 300 cases are desirable for sufficient estimations. The study further argues that, for sample sizes above 400, the probability test becomes too complex and difficult to generate significant result and that 200 cases are desirable to produce sufficient estimates. Further, Hoyle (2013) suggests that an optimum sample size for probability sampling is in the range of 100 to 200 cases. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 49 Veal (2006) established that the minimum sample size for probability analysis could be analysed by examining cases that are five times the number of the investigated variables. In other words, it is possible to analyse 30 variables with 150 cases. Further, Bryman and Bell (2013) believe that the time and cost of the study should also be taken into consideration while determining sample size. From these studies (e.g. Hair et al., 2005; Hoyle, 2005) it is understood that the desirable sample size for research involving probability sampling is in a range of 100 to 300 cases. Therefore the target sample size for the current study was 150 teachers. Out of the 150 questionnaires that were administered to the respondents (teachers), 110 were answered and returned. The overall response rate for the present study was 73.33%. This response rate was higher than other previous studies with the same variable (e.g. Bett1, Onyango, Bantu, 2013). Data Source The data used for this research was obtained basically from both primary and secondary sources. This includes questionnaires and library search. Primary data are those obtained directly from respondents. The aim of collecting them is to obtain first-hand information from these teachers and their working environments as well as conditions being studied. The study adopted a standardize questionnaire to obtained the required data and this was approved by the supervisor. The data required for this study were collected through actual visits to the selected schools and face-to-face distribution and administration of questionnaires to the one hundred and ten (110) respondents from the selected schools. A copy of the questionnaire is attached as Appendix 1. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 50 Secondary data was based on both theoretical and empirical literature on this area of study: that is internet, articles, dissertations and journals. Various authors were appropriately acknowledged. Data Instrument The questionnaire used in this study consisted of a demographics section followed by two other sections. 3.5.1. Demographics Section The demographics section used in this study includes questions relating to gender, age group, professional rank, highest level of education, years of experience. The reason as to why these specific demographic variables were included in the demographics section was because each one of them may have an influence on either the independent or the dependent variables within this study. The study thus deemed it necessary to include these demographic variables in order to ascertain what influence they might have on the independent and dependent variables within the current study. 3.5.2. Teacher Motivation The questionnaire was developed using intrinsic and extrinsic factors as motivators. Further, it also evaluates consequences of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation rather than motivation per se. Cronbach’s alpha was calculated as a measure of internal consistency of the items. Extrinsic motivation was measured with six items on a 5- point scale, ranging from ‘strongly disagree’ (1) to ‘strongly agree’ (5). The intrinsic motivators contain the following factors such as: salary advancement, working condition, University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 51 appreciation, social statue, and interpersonal relations. An example is; ‘I am satisfied with my salary’. The measure of extrinsic motivation had a satisfactory alpha coefficient (α=0.79). Intrinsic motivation was assessed with seven items on 5-point scales. The intrinsic motivators contain the following: skill variety, work itself, participative decision making, autonomy, responsibility, personal, professional growth and, achievement. An example is; ‘I am satisfied with my work.’ on a scale ranging from ‘strongly disagree’ (1) to ‘strongly agree’ (5). Cronbach‘s alpha reliability for the intrinsic motivation scale was satisfactory (α=0.81). 3.5.3. Teacher job performance The study adapted an instrument developed by Amin et al. (2013) to measure teacher job performance. The questionnaire Teachers’ job performance self-rating questionnaire (TJPSQ) was developed to measure teachers’ job performance. This questionnaire comprised 25 items. Four facets of teachers’ performance; i.e. teaching skills, management skills, discipline, regularity, and interpersonal relations were included in the questionnaire. The response scale was a 5- point Likert scale of never, seldom, sometime, usually, and always. The expressions of the teachers with respect to various dimensions of this instrument were categorized in Mean scores. Below: 0.00--------2.49 =Below Average, 2.50--------3.49 =Average, 3.50--------5.00 = Above average Amin et al. (2013) had reliability coefficient alpha value of 0.81. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 52 Validity and Reliability of Instruments In establishing the validity of instruments, the study, in consultation with the supervisors, cross checked the questionnaire items for consistency, relevance, clarity and ambiguity before the questionnaire were administered to the participants. The researcher ascertained the instruments validity for the motivational instrument by calculating the content validity index (CVI) by dividing the total number of valid items over the total number of the items in the questionnaire, which gave CVI=11/17=0.733 implying that the tool is valid. The teacher job performance instrument too had CVI=15/20=0.75 Data Collection Procedure Data collection for this study was carried out in two distinct stages, the Pilot Study, and then followed by the Main Study 3.6.1. Pilot Study As suggested in social science research, the present study was preceded by a pilot study to fundamentally assess the feasibility of a full-scale study as was proposed to be undertaken (see Baker, 1994; Polit, Beck & Hungler, 2001). The pilot study also sought to test the adequacy of research instruments to be employed, and where necessary amend to suit research or develop appropriate ones, design a research protocol that guided the study and assess whether the research protocol is realistic and workable. In addition, the pilot study was conducted to establish the effectiveness of the sampling frame and techniques employed in the study, identify logistical problems which might occur using the proposed methods, estimate variability in outcomes to help determine sample size, collect preliminary data, determine what resources (financially) are needed for the main University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 53 study, assess the proposed data analysis techniques to uncover potential problems, confirm with a research question and research plan and develop an alternative where necessary. Of essence, however, is the need to be able to generalize the findings of the present study. And so in conducting the pilot project, the Cronbach Alpha was used to determine the reliability of all the subscales employed in the analysis of the various constructs that were investigated. A sample frame of 10 participants comprising all selected schools under consideration in the study population was used for the pilot study. The various coefficient alpha obtained for the various scales has a high level of reliability since a score of 0.6 and above is considered good and acceptable in research. 3.6.2. Main Study A letter of introduction was taken from the department of public administration and health services management, University Of Ghana. This was to assure the heads of all the selected schools that the researcher is a student of University of Ghana and wanted to carry out academic research in the area of motivation of employees in schools. The questionnaires were administered to teachers who expressed willingness to participate in the study. In order to ensure a satisfactory response rate of the survey, the following steps were adopted in this study: First, a bi weekly follow-up was made to specifically retrieve completed questionnaires from participating employees. Secondly, a follow-up was also made once a week to replace missing or misplaced questionnaires. The questionnaires distribution and retrieval period lasted for one month as there were several instances where additional questionnaires were redistributed to replace missing or misplaced ones in order to achieve the targeted sample frame. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 54 Finally, respondents were required to put completed questionnaires in envelopes that accompanied the questionnaires and seal it to ensure confidentiality. Completed questionnaires were submitted to the head teacher as the researcher was unable to access the respondents individually. The data collection process lasted for four (4) weeks. Specifically, the data were gathered on the independent variable: Teacher motivation. Data Analysis Data obtained from respondents mean nothing unless they are analysed and interpreted. Analysis is the process of obtaining findings from data derived from respondents. It goes beyond raw data; it entails organising, describing, interpreting, discussing and presenting the data to readership (Ryan, 2006). The study was analysed quantitatively. The Statistical package for Social Science (SPSS 20th version) was used for data analysis. All the items on the questionnaire were entered into SPSS. Gender was dummy-coded with 2 for female and 1 for Males. Respondents’ ages, years of teaching experience were entered as years. Before addressing the research questions, demographics data were analyzed by running frequency analyses. Reliability test were then conducted on all the instruments with Crobach Alpha for the scale of item deleted. This is to test the consistency of the instruments’ reliabilities with previous studies. Different statistical tools were used to answer various research questions: RQ 1: What is the state of teachers’ motivation on their job performance in La- Nkwantang Madina municipality? This was addressed by a descriptive statistics: to find the highest mean score of both motivation and performance variables. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 55 RQ 2: What is the effect of teacher’s motivation on their job performance? This was addressed by a multiple linear regression R Q 3: Is there a difference between teacher’s motivation on school type (public and private school)? This was also addressed by independent sample t-test. RQ 4: Is there a difference between teacher’s performance on school type (public and private school)? This was also addressed by independent sample t-test Study area La-Nkwantanag Madina Education Directorate La-Nkwantanang-Madina Municipal with its Administrative capital Madina emerged from the Ga East and forms part of the new districts and municipalities created in the year 2012. It was inaugurated at their various locations simultaneously on the 28th June, 2012. His Excellency John Evans Atta Mills, by the Executive Instrument (E.I) which formed 46 new Districts. The inaugurated and confirmed MMDAs established were operational with immediate effect and thereby bringing the total number of MMDAs to 216. The Municipality forms part of sixteen (16) Metropolis, Municipalities and Districts in the Greater Accra Region. The municipality shares boundaries with Ga-East Municipal to the North and to the South with Accra Metropolis (ghanadistricts.com, 2016). 3.9.Limitation of the work The work is limited on the grounds of being a time bound. There was also the difficulty in obtaining information from the teachers. Most teachers were reluctant to filling the questionnaire. Some others who agreed to fill the questionnaire did not return it and some University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 56 portions were partially filled. The researcher also needed to exercise patience to some other teachers who wanted to fill the questionnaire at their own convenient time. In spite of these challenges the quality of the work meets standard. Findings are limited by the use of self-report instruments to measure respondents’ levels of motivation and their job performance of basic schools in the La-Nkwantanang. 3.10. Ethical Issues Research ethics is the moral values that guide a research (Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC), 2004 cited in Gray 2009: 69. Certain ethical considerations are necessary in the use of human participants for research purpose and therefore were observed in this study (APA, 2002). According to Folkman (2000) cited in Ary et al. (2002) privacy is a person’s interest to control how others obtain information about him or herself and confidentiality is the right of a researcher to preserve information attained from respondents. According to Burnham, (2008), research needs to be sensitive to the rights of respondents. Fontana and Fray (2000) identified three (3) areas of ethical concern while administering questionnaires: Informed consent, right to privacy and protection from harm. Due to the ethical guidelines enumerated above, participation was voluntary. All respondents were given a statement explaining the purpose of the research and the proposed use of the information gathered before data collection. All information gathered from respondents were kept confidential and there was no way to trace a particular questionnaire back to any respondent because participants were not provided with the option to add their names or mark the questionnaire in ways that would reveal their University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 57 identity. Haralambos et al (2004) postulated that the validity of the data may be reduced when the respondent is unwilling or unable to provide full and accurate replies to questions. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 58 CHAPTER FOUR PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA 4.1. Introduction This chapter presents results from the data analysis and their interpretations which includes the descriptive data (standard deviation, mean, etc.), and the inferential. The present study examined the influence of motivation on performance in La-Nkwantanang Municipality. Four research questions were developed and addressed using both descriptive statistics and parametric statistical tests which included independent sample T test, and multiple regression analysis. Several factors informed the choice of these parametric tests. The study adapted standardized instrument to measure teachers’ motivation. Teacher job performance was measured with teacher job performance questionnaire which was a self-rating instrument. Data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0 and this was done in two main stages; the first was the preliminary analysis and involved addressing the research questions of the study. 4.2. Preliminary Analysis The preliminary analysis prior to the main analysis was conduct in a four stage process. These are normal distribution of the variables test, descriptive statistics analysis of the study variables, reliability analysis for study instruments, Pearson product correlations among the variables of the study and the multicollinearity of study variables. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 59 Firstly, the account of missing data, the mean score for all research participants was computed for each item with missing data. A computed mean score was then manually entered for each item with missing data .The average mean score method to account for missing data had been used extensively in literature (Howell, 2006), the analysis of normality of the salient variables that is the two dimensions of teacher motivation variables and teacher job performance dimensions in the study were assessed using the Shapiro Wilk test. Second was the test of reliability coefficient of internal consistency. (Cronbach’s α) was also computed to establish the reliability of each of the scales in the questionnaire. These instruments had satisfactory reliabilities, with alpha values ranging from 0.76 to 0.96 (Table 3,4). Nunnally (2007) suggests that the coefficient alpha should be equal or higher than 0.70 if a set of items can constitute a reliable scale. Thirdly, an examination of the residual plot for research question (RQ) 2 was used to test the assumptions of normality, homogeneity of variance, and independence. To test the assumption of the absence of multicollinearity for RQ2, a Pearson correlational matrix was conducted. To test for the presence of multicollinearity, both collinearity statistics, tolerance and VIF, were considered for RQ 2 with multiple predictors. The assumption of independence was met for RQ 1-4 ensuring that each respondent completed their respective research package independently. Therefore, possible errors of prediction were considered to be independent of one another. Finally, Parametric statistical tests, specifically, multiple linear regression, independent sample t-test were used to address research questions. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 60 4.2.1. Normality Test Shapiro Wilk test was used to test two dimensions of motivation and teacher job performance. The information obtained is that, the p values for the independent variables were shown in the Table 2 below. All study variables were statistically significant according to the Shapiro – Wilk test of normality. All significant values for the data meet the threshold of 0.05 or greater than p>0.05 which all dimensions of teacher motivation and performance satisfied. Since normality was satisfied, other parametric tests such as regression was validated. Table 2: Tests of Normality Field, 2016 In order to ensure that the scales used for collection of data was internally reliable and consistent, an internal reliability and validity analysis were conducted using the Cronbach alpha (α). Study Variables Shapiro-Wilk Statistic Df Sig. Intrinsic Motivation 0.883 109 0.051 Extrinsic Motivation Teaching Skills 0.906 109 0.063 Management Skills 0.901 109 0.075 Discipline and Regularity 0.789 109 0.074 Interpersonal Relations 0.751 109 0.050 Overall Teacher job performance 0.692 109 0.061 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 61 4.2.2. Reliability Test The reliability of the various instruments was tested using test – retest. Using the SPSS, the reliability of the tool was calculated to ensure a Cronbach alpha (α) at or above (0.6) which is the acceptable value. If the results are similar then the questionnaire has high reliability. The value of Cronbach’s alpha coefficient is expected to be 1.0 which indicates high reliability of the instrument. Nunnally and Bernstein (1994) state that, a Cronbach’s alpha value equal to or greater than 0.70 is considered satisfactory. Reliability estimates between 0.70 and 0.60 are acceptable; whereas, an alpha below 0.60 usually is regarded as unacceptably low. The table below shows evidence of the Cronbach alpha values for the various factors which indicate the internal consistency of sub factors that make up all the main factors. Table 3: First Reliability Analysis Test of All Variables Study variables Cronbach's Alpha Intrinsic Motivation 0.65 Extrinsic Motivation 0.75 Teaching Skills 0.53 Management Skills 0.71 Discipline and Regularity 0.61 Interpersonal Relations 0.66 Overall Teacher job performance 0.75 Field, 2016 Upon conducting the pilot survey to ascertain the consistency of the instrument, the survey was randomly administered to 10 teachers in the La Nkwantanang Madina Municipality. The reliability test run showed all the study variables did meet the accepted reliability estimate of 0.6 and above. Items were placed in good context and all grammatical error were checked whilst still maintaining the underlying meaning of the University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 62 question. The instruments were re-administered to the same respondents and realized the following results: Table 4: Second Reliability Analysis Test of All Variables Study variables Cronbach's Alpha Intrinsic Motivation 0.68 Extrinsic Motivation 0.67 Teaching Skills 0.75 Management Skills 0.71 Discipline and Regularity 0.61 Interpersonal Relations 0.66 Overall Teacher job performance 0.75 Field, 2016 The overall Cronbach alpha (α) co-efficient of the first test for the teacher motivation instrument was 0.65 which is above the accepted reliability value and teacher job performance questionnaire reliability value of 0.73. The second test obtained an accepted overall Cronbach alpha (α) co-efficient of 0.857 for teacher motivation questionnaire. The teacher job performance questionnaire construct also obtained a first Cronbach alpha (α) co-efficient of 0.66 and a second of 0.793 which are both acceptable alphas. 4.2.3. Demographic of the Respondents Table 5: School Types and Sex of Respondents School type Frequency Percent Public 62 56.4 Private 48 43.6 Total 110 100 Source: Field Data, 2016 Sex Frequency Percent Male 42 38.2 Female 68 61.8 Total 110 100 Source: Field Data, 2016 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 63 Table 6: Age of Respondents Source: Field Data, 2016 From Table 5, sex distribution of the respondents was 38.2% for the males and 61.8% for the females. From Table 6, age distribution of the respondents saw the categories between years 36 to 45 as the highest represented with 41.8%, the age brackets of 26-35 and 46-55 were both represented by 21.8%. The youngest among them, that is the category 18-25% constituted 9.1% whilst the oldest group that is year brackets 56-60 were 5.5%. Table 7: Educational Status Educational Status Frequency Percent Middle School Leaving Certificate 8 7.3 Secondary 6 5.5 Certified 14 12.7 Diploma 42 39.2 Bachelor’s 30 27.2 Masters 10 9.1 Total 110 100.0 Source: Field Data, 2016 In Table 7, It was also discovered that 42 equivalents to (39%) of the respondents under study were diploma holders followed by 30 (27.2%) diploma holders, 7 (6.8%) certificate holders .and only 14 (12.7%) were Master degree holder. Those with master’s degree are Age groups Frequency Percent 18-25 10 9.1 26- 35 24 21.8 36-45 46 41.8 46-55 24 21.8 56-60 6 5.5 Total 110 100 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 64 9.1%, Middle School Leaving Certificate were 7.3% whilst Secondary School leavers were 5.5%.This implies that most of the respondents found in schools had both diploma and degree level of education. Table 8: Marital Status Source: Field Data, 2016 In Table 8, on the marital status, married were 63.6% followed by singles 23.3%. The divorced were 9.1% and the separated were 3.6%. Table 9: The Professional Rank Professional Rank Frequency Percent Assistant Director 1 6 5.5 Assistant Director 2 20 18.2 Principal Superintendent 30 27.3 Senior sup 1 8 7.3 Senior sup 2 8 7.3 Superintendent 1 8 7.3 Class teacher 30 27.3 Total 110 100.0 Source: Field Data, 2016 From Table 9, on the teachers’ present rank 5.5% were Assistant Director I, 18.2% were Assistant Director II, 27.3% were Principal Superintendent. Those in ranks of senior Superintendent I, senior Superintendent II and Superintendent I were 7.3% each. In all, Class teachers were 27.3%. Marital status Frequency Percent Single 26 23.6 Married 70 63.6 Divorced 10 9.1 Separated 4 3.6 Total 110 100 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 65 Table 10: Teaching Experience The results regarding teaching experience in public and private schools. From the sample of 110 teachers, the teaching experience of 34 teachers were less than 5 years who represents 30.9% of total population, teaching experience of 42 teachers were from the range of 5 years-10 years which are 38.2%, teaching experience of 24 teachers were from the range of 11 years-15 years and their percentage is 21.8% and teaching experience of 12 teachers were more than 15 years which are 9.1% of total population. 4.2.4. Correlation Table 11: Correlational Matrix of Study Variables A Pearson product-moment correlation explored the individual relationships between study variables which takes values between -1 through 0 to +1. The sign (+ or -) of the correlation affects its interpretation. Coefficient value of -1 indicates a perfect negative correlation; +1 indicates a perfect positive correlation, and 0 shows no correlation at all. When the correlation is positive (r > 0), as the value of one variable increases, so does the other. These numbers measure the strength and direction of the linear relationship Teaching experience Frequency Percentage 1-4 34 30.9 5-10 42 38.2 11-15 24 21.8 Above 16 10 9.1 Total 110 100 Source: Field Data, 2016 Study Variables 1 2 3 1 Intrinsic Motivation - 2 Extrinsic Motivation 0.420** - 3 Overall Teacher job performance 0.595** 0.503** - Source: Field Data, 2016 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 66 between the two variables. At α =0.01, intrinsic motivation positively correlated significantly to overall teacher job performance (r=0.595, p<0.05) and extrinsic motivation also had a moderate significant positive relationship with overall teacher job performance (r=0). 4.3. Addressing Research questions The study employed descriptive statistics, independent sample t- test and multiple linear regression as the main statistical tools for the four research question. 4.3.1. RQ1: What is the state of teachers’ motivation and teacher job performance in La-Nkwantanang? Descriptive Statistics (frequency tables and simple percentages) was used to addressed this research question RQ1a: The level of teachers’ motivation in La Nkwantanang Table 12: Description of Extrinsic Motivational Factors Item Strongly Disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly Agree Mean Satisfied Salary 32.7 21.8 21.8 14.5 9.1 0.182 Job Advancement 20.9 21.8 20.8 20.1 16.4 0.182 Working Condition 12.7 30.9 27.3 16.4 11.7 0.180 Appreciation 14.5 23.6 21.8 29.1 10.9 0.182 Social Status 10.9 16.4 30.9 25.5 16.4 0.182 Interpersonal Relations 3.6 7.3 30.9 40 18.2 0.182 Extrinsic Motivation 1.09 Source: Field Data, 2016 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 67 From Table12, the responses on the various items (factors) that form the subscales (extrinsic) of motivation were obtained from respondents. From the extrinsic motivational factors, the first item satisfied with salary, in all 32.7.8% strongly disagreed on it, 21.8% disagreed, and 21.8% were neutral on it. However, 14.5% agreed and 9.1% strongly agreed. Majority of the teacher claim they are not satisfied with their salary so reasonable periodic increase in salary can incentivize the teachers. On job performance, there was a general mixed feeling among them with the level of disagreement slightly edging out the agreement. Thus 10.9% strongly disagree, 21.8% disagreed and 20.8% were not certain about the proposition. However, 20.1% agreed and 16.4% strongly agreed on it. As to whether there is a good working condition for teachers, 30.9% disagree, 27.3 % were neutral and 11.7% strongly agreed on it. On the appreciation item, 14.5% of the teachers strongly disagree that their efforts are appreciated, 23.6% disagreed on it but majority (29.1%) of teachers agreed that their efforts are appreciated. Social status item had 30.9% teachers being neutral in their response, 25.5% agreed that there is quite a good social status as a teacher and 16.4% also strongly agreed on it. As to whether, there is a good interpersonal relationship among teachers, 3.6% strongly disagreed, 7.3% disagreed and as many as 30.9% were neutral. In all, 40% agreed and 18.2% strongly agreed, hence there existed a good interpersonal relationship. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 68 Table 13: Description of Intrinsic Motivational Factors From Table13, again, intrinsic motivation has 7 factors, responses were obtained from teachers on these factors. The first item, skills variety, 12.7% strong disagreed and 30.9% disagreed that, variety of skills were allowed to be displayed in the teaching service. 7.3% of the respondents also agreed that there is a liberty to exhibit variety of skills one has in the teaching service. The response on the nature of work item in the intrinsic subscale has 34.5% and 12.7% respondent to strongly agree and agreed respectively that their love for the teaching career is their source of motivation. Participative decision making item has 32.7% respondent strongly agreed on it, 25.5% rated agreed and 12.7% were neutral, this means there was mixed feeling about their participating in decision making. The autonomy has 21.8% respondents rate this item as neutral and 29.1% agreed that there is fair independence in the teaching career. Personal and Professional growth has 40% and 30.3% of the respondents strongly agreed and agreed respectively that there is an opportunity for both personal and professional growth as a teacher. Items Strongly Disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly Agree Mean Skill variety 12.7 30.9 34.5 14.4 7.3 0.181 Work itself 12.7 16.4 23.6 34.5 12.7 0.182 Participative decision making 32.7 14.5 12.7 25.5 14.5 0.182 Autonomy 14.5 23.6 21.8 29.1 10.9 0.182 Responsibility 10.9 16.4 30.9 25.5 16.4 0.182 Personal and Professional growth 1.8 10.9 17 30.3 40 0.182 Achievement 21.8 25.5 25.5 20 7.3 0.182 Intrinsic motivation Mean 3.45 Overall Motivation Mean 2.361 Source: Field Data, 2016 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 69 Achievement is the last item in the intrinsic motivation subscale, 21.8% strongly disagreed, 25.5% disagreed, 25.5% rated this item, 20% agreed and 7.3% strongly agreed that there is a sense of attainment in teaching. From the same Table, extrinsic motivational factors had a mean of 1.09 and intrinsic motivational factors too had a mean of 3.450. On five likert scale, respondents agreed that intrinsic factors make them motivated in their career as teachers. But the overall motivation had a mean of 2.361. This means that respondents disagreed that they are generally motivated as teacher in the La-Nkwantanang. RQ1b: The level of teacher’s job performance in La-Nkwantanang Table 14: Description of TJP Dimension-Teaching Skills Table15: Description of TJP Dimension-Management Skills TEACHING SKILLS Mean Std. Dev I use different methods of teaching 4.14 0.88 Most of pupils’ of my class get good marks 4.11 0.91 I teach every student according to his abilities 3.92 1 I make no injustice in marking the papers 4.01 0.83 28.14 3.74 Source: Field Data, 2016 DISCIPLINE AND REGULARITY Mean Std. Dev I come to school regularly. 3.94 0.97 When present at school I attain my class on time. 4.07 0.87 I don’t do irrelevant activity in my period. 3.92 0.92 I fulfil my assigned activities on time 3.88 0.92 I complete my syllabus on time. 3.95 0.93 I maintain discipline in my class. 4.02 0.94 23.78 3.81 Source: Field Data, 2016 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 70 Table 16: Description of TJP Dimension-Discipline and Regularity Table 17: Description of TJP Dimension-Interpersonal Relations INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS Mean Std. Dev Apart from teaching I try to solve any problem of the student 3.87 0.82 I enjoy good relations with my colleagues 4.03 0.9 I co-operate with my colleagues in any work 3.89 0.91 I consult my colleagues in solving of my class problems 3.92 0.94 I motivate my pupils’ to take part in co-curricular activities 3.8 0.98 I help the head in solving the problems of the school 3.78 0.92 For the betterment of my pupils’ I contact their parents 3.89 0.97 27.19 3.89 Source: Field Data, 2016 MANAGEMENT SKILLS Mean Std. Dev Apart from teaching I fulfil other responsibilities very nicely. 3.88 0.84 I don’t let co- curricular activities to affect my class teaching. 3.97 0.96 I don’t let my domestic affairs to interfere in my duty. 3.77 0.93 If someone changes my responsibilities then I adjust myself 3.79 1.04 I try my level best to improve my performance. 3.91 0.97 19.32 3.14 Source: Field Data, 2016 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 71 Table 18: Description of TJP Dimensions The teacher job performance scale was categorized as following. 1. 0.00--------2.49 =Below Average, 2.50--------3.49 = Average, 3.50--------5.00 = Above average From Table14, the subscale teaching skills had a mean value of 3.74 , this teaching skills of teachers in La-Nkwantanang was above average, which implies that teacher in the municipality has a very good teaching skills. The subscale management skills (Table15) had a mean of 3.14, this value falls within average. This means the management skills of teachers in the municipality was moderate, which is quite reasonable. The disciplinary and regularity (Table 16) subscale had a mean value of 3.81, which falls with the range of above average. This means that teachers in the municipal are very discipline in the course of their duties, they abide by rules and regulations. The interpersonal relation (Table 17) subscale of teacher job performance had a mean of 3.89, this also means, there is an impressive working relationship between teachers, teachers and head teachers, teachers and municipal educational officers. The overall mean for teacher job performance was 3.645. This means that, teachers in the La- Nkwantanang are performing well. Subscales of TJP Total Mean Teaching Skills 28.14 3.74 Management Skills 19.32 3.14 Discipline and regularity 23.78 3.81 Interpersonal Relations 27.19 3.89 Overall Teacher Job performance 3.645 Source: Field Data, 2016 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 72 4.3.2. RQ2: What is the effect of motivation on teachers on their job performance? Multiple linear regressions was used to test the effect of managers various leadership behaviours on performance.The assumption of univariate normality was met considering the errors of prediction which were normally distributed along the zero residual line of the residual plot. A visual inspection of the residual plot revealed at least one outlier. To determine whether the outlier was extreme, its z-score was computed. This z-score met the criteria for standardized residuals, within the absolute value range of greater than or less than 3.30 standard deviations from the zero residual line. Also, a Cook’s D analysis of the outlier was found to be less than one and within the acceptable range for scores on the residual (Tabachnick & Fidell, 2007). Additionally, multicollinearity was absent from the regression model, where the tolerance values 0.616 (<1.00) and the variance inflation was 1.547(<1.00) (Pallant, 2007). From the Table19 [F (2,104) =36.948, p<0.001], shows the regression model was significant. Table 19: Regression between Teacher Motivation and Teacher Job Performance Model Summary Model R2 Adjusted R2 Std. Error of the Estimate Change Statistics ∆R2 ∆F df1 df2 Sig. ∆F Dubin- Watson 1 0.645a 0.416 0.404 1.30727 0.415 36.948 2 109 0.000 2.514 Source: Field Data, 2016 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 73 Results in Table 19, showed an R=0.645, and R2 of 0.416 means that teacher motivation (intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation) are able to express about 42% in overall teacher job performance. Table 20: Regression between Teacher Motivation and Teacher Job Performance From the Table 20, Intrinsic motivation (Std Beta=0.608, t=6.524 p<0.001) was individually correlated significantly to teacher job performance. This means that for a unit increase in intrinsic motivation, teacher job performance will be increased by about 0.608 units. Again extrinsic motivation also individually related significantly to overall teacher job performance (Std Beta=0.608, t=0.622, p=0.001). In this model, intrinsic motivational factors of the teacher had a stronger effect on their job performance than extrinsic motivation. Coefficientsa Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients T Sig. Collinearity Statistics B Std. Error Beta Tolerance VIF 1 (Constant) -0.767 0.896 - 0.856 0.394 Intrinsic motivation 0.186 0.029 0.608 6.524 0.000 0.646 1.547 Extrinsic motivation 0.010 0.016 0.308 0.622 0.001 0.646 1.547 a. Dependent Variable: Overall teacher job performance Source: Field Data, 2016 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 74 4.3.3. RQ 3: Is there a difference between teacher’s motivation across public and private school? This research question addressed with independent sample t-test of significance to determine if significant differences exist in teacher’s motivation between public and private school. The following table described the differences of teacher motivation in public and private school teachers. Table 21: Independent Sample T-test of Motivation and School Types Variables school type Mean Std. Deviation Df T P Factors of motivation Public 14.3 4.5 106 .752 .000 Private 13.4 4.4 Source: Field Data, 2016 From Table 20, the result indicates that significant differences of teacher’s motivation in public and private schools. Thus, the public schools score M 14.3226, SD 4.48246 had a significant difference between private school score M 13.4167, SD 4.36305 df (53) t .752 p=.000. This implies that motivation of teachers in the municipality did have difference based on the school types the respondents were working in. Thus, the assumption that teachers in private schools are more motivated to teach than teacher in public schools was founded. 4.3.4. RQ 4: Is there a difference between teacher’s performance due to school type (public and private school)? This research question was addressed with independent sample t-test of significance to determine if significant differences exist in teacher’s job performance between public and University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 75 private school. The following table described the differences of job performance in public and private school teachers. Table 22: Independent Sample T-test of Teacher Job Performance and School Types Variables school type Mean Std. Deviation Df T P Teacher job performance Public 18.3 3.2 106 1.475 .046 Private 17.0 3.6 Source: Field Data, 2016 From Table 21, The result indicate that there is significant differences of teacher’s motivation in public and private schools From the table, the public school score M18.3226, SD 3.24948 did have significant difference with private school score M16.9583, SD 3.59322 df (53) t 1.475 p=.046. This implies that the teacher job performance levels were different in the municipality based on the types of school of the respondents. Thus, the assumption that teachers in private schools perform well from motivation than teacher in public schools was also founded. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 76 CHAPTER FIVE DISCUSSIONS OF FINDINGS 5.1. Introduction In this part of the work, certain expectations were either confirmed or refuted by the findings and the reasons for that form part of this section. References from other studies that confirm or reject the findings are also highlighted in this chapter. 5.2. Discussion of Findings The presentation follows the order in which the research questions of the study were stated in chapter one. It considers possible explanations for the results with various views from other scholars. The primary objective of this study was to examine the influence of motivation on the performance of teachers. This result supports the argument that well motivated employees are generally good performers. 5.3. The state of motivation and performance of teachers in La-Nkwantanang This result supports the argument that well motivated employees are generally good performers. Employees who are satisfied with their motivation climate are likely to rate their performance highly, because they feel that, following the creation of a positive motivation environment, the organization will expect them to be good performers. The first objective of the study was to find the state of motivation and performance of teacher in La-Nkwantanang. A descriptive statistics was used to address this objective. The study found teachers in La-Nkwantanang to be generally demotivated. That is, they disagreed to the overall motivational instrument. This is not surprising; this had been the University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 77 obvious, general, persistent and historical outcry of teachers in the country. In times past, there had been several demonstrations, strikes actions by teacher to show their displeasure and plight of the general conditions of services in the country. Though, the study found a general outlook of motivation in La-Nkwantanang as low but also found teachers to be performing well. A secondary data for the B.E.C.E. for last 3years 2013, 2014 and 2015 (Appendix 2) confirms the performance of teachers in La- Nkwantanang. In 2013, La-Nkwantanang was ranked 11th out of the 16 districts in the Greater Accra region, 10th for both 2014 and 2015. For the last 3 years La-Nkwantanang had moved up the ladder from 11th position in the region to 10th position. Though this is impressive, perhaps the current rank in position and its sustenance was made possible by the intrinsic motivational factors on the part of the teachers which drive them in the course of their duties. This study is in line with previous study by Shafiwu and Salakpi (2013) who also found low teacher motivation and unimpressive pupils’’ performance in Wa municipality 5.3.1. The effect of teacher motivation on their job performance Self-Determination Theory makes an important distinction between self-determined and controlled types of motivation. Thus, the theory focuses not only on the quantity of motivation but also on the quality. The aim of this study was to examine teachers’ work motivation that actively affects their job performance based on Self-determination theory. The objective was addressed and tested using multiple regression. The result of the study provides support for Self-determination theory for predicting and understanding teachers’ work motivation that actively affects student performance. The study also supported the University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 78 idea that teachers’ intrinsic and extrinsic motivations are the antecedent of teachers’ job satisfaction. In the regression model, intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation together explained 42% of the variance on job performance. The results of the study indicated that teacher job performance was predicted significantly by teachers’ intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation. While teachers’ extrinsic motivation has also a significant influence on pupils’ engagement, their intrinsic motivation is the most important predictor of teacher job performance, which is consistent with the results of previous studies (Demir, 2011; Bett, Onyango & Bantu, 2013; Shafiwu & Salakpi, 2013). According to Ofoegbu (2004), teachers have both intrinsic and extrinsic needs. A teacher who is intrinsically motivated may be observed to undertake a task for its own sake, for the satisfaction it provides or for the feeling of accomplishment and self-actualization. On the other hand, an extrinsically motivated teacher may perform the activity or duty in order to obtain some reward such as salary. Extrinsic motivation plays an important part in people's life. La-Nkwantanang teachers need adequate and reasonable salary and allowance payments to commensurate with the job they do for them to be able to satisfy their basic needs in life such as food, clothing, health-care, etc. When teachers’ needs are satisfied, it promotes their psychological well-being and enables optimal functioning and performance (Reis et al., 2000; Ryan, 1995). On the contrary, when teacher’s environment or personality style does not afford these kinds of experiences, they fail to thrive. Teachers are human beings with various needs to be satisfied, and failure to have such needs satisfied leads to frustration, nonchalant attitude towards work and rebellion University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 79 (Adams, 1963; Ulom & Joshua, 2004). For La-Nkwantanang teachers to be satisfied with his or her job does not depend on extrinsic motivational factors alone (the adequacy of their salary and allowance payments, e.t.c) but more, their working conditions, workload, opportunities for professional upgrading, frequency of promotion as well as the availability of community support and recognition (intrinsic motivational factors) to impact on their job performance. In addition, Bandura (2011) holds that the intrinsic motivation from self-evaluation is more effective than the extrinsic reinforcement given by others. There seems to be a misunderstanding among the public that higher salaries and productivity profits are the only ways of improving the motivation of teachers, although they play an important role in satisfying the teachers and eliminating the need for them to work extra hours or adopt second jobs. 5.3.2. Difference between Teacher’s motivation and Teacher job performance due school type (Public and Private school). The finding shows that teachers are well motivated in private schools because most of the respondents agreed that factors which influence motivation are reasonably provided in these schools like good working environment, friendly and supportive staff, job satisfaction, and good leadership of principals or head teachers. It also found that majority of the respondents agreed with the statement that they are motivated by salaries and benefits which they receive and disagreed with the statement that their pay as a teacher is good. It meant that salary and rewards are very important factors for increasing the teacher’s motivation that could improve their performance effectively. Ahiauzu, et, al. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 80 (2011) also examined that motivation through rewards and incentives help the teachers to improve their job performance. Teachers in public schools are not well motivated which could affect their performance. There may be deficiencies of lacking motivation and good performance that would be bad environment and working conditions, job dissatisfaction, bad leadership of head teachers etc. Davidson (2005) found that bad working conditions have adverse effects in teacher’s performance. It could be improve by providing benefits to them. Therefore, job performance is that function which is based on motivation. There should be motivation in schools to have a better teacher’s job performance. The study surveyed that most of the respondents agreed that their level of job satisfaction is increasing in schools where they work. Two factor theories stated that satisfied employees are better motivated and achieve their targets efficiently as compared to dis-satisfied employees. Bishay (2012) findings examined that level of satisfaction increases with the greater level of responsibility and found that teachers are highly satisfied during job when their higher order needs are accomplished i.e. self-esteem, recognition. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 81 CHAPTER SIX SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 6.0. Introduction This chapter presents a brief presentation of the summary of the main findings; the conclusions arrived at, limitations of the study and recommendations to manager of education in La-Nkwantanang and for further studies. The study considered the self- determination theory. 6.1. Summary of Findings The study collected data from the primary school teachers in both private and public schools in La-Nkwantanang. The main objective was to find the effect of teacher motivation on their job performance. The State of Motivation and Performance of teacher in La-Nkwantanang The study found motivation to be generally low and also found teacher to be performing well in the municipality. The study found that the performance of teacher in the municipality was driven by the intrinsic motivational factors. Effect of teachers Motivation on their job performance Multiple regression was used to analysis this research question. The regression model was significant, which means motivation of teachers had an effect on their job performance. This is to explain that teachers’ motivation explained about 42% of their University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 82 job performance. In the regression model, intrinsic motivational factors had stronger significant effect on teacher job performance in La-Nkwantanang. Difference in teacher motivation and teacher job performance due to school type Independent sample t-test was used to analysis these research questions (RQ 3 and RQ4) The study found difference in teacher motivation and teacher job performance based on school type. Thus, the assumption that teachers in private schools are more motivated and performs well to teach than teachers in public schools was founded 6.2. Conclusion The work focused on teacher motivation and how it leads to performance in the teaching service. Four objectives and research questions were developed along the key concepts above. From the results of this study teacher are less motivated in La-Nkwantanang but still performs well in their various duties. The study found that teacher high job performance drives on intrinsic motivational factors. Motivation of teacher had a significant influence on their job performance. Again the results show there is a difference in motivation and teacher job performance in both public and private schools. 6.3. Recommendations In order to improve teacher motivation and performance at work, the study recommended among others; 1. Increase in the salary of basic school teachers to match the increased cost of living. It can be recalled that the item which specifically asked respondents view about financial and other material incentives were greatly cheered and supported. Teachers want better University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 83 salaries and are prepared for increment. Perhaps that is why they have resorted to extra- classes. The ever-increasing hardships can only be quenched by a little financial help from Ministry of Education and Ghana Education Service apart from other educational stakeholders. All are therefore encouraged to support. 2. Provision of accommodation to teachers will go a long way to support many teachers especially, those who want to leave the profession as well as those who refuse posting or transfer to the rural and deprived areas. Such provision will not only give a financial assistance, it will as well instil hope and aspiration in their lives. 3. Strengthening of supervision is very crucial and one of the surest ways of extracting compliance with code of conduct and standards of operation in teaching. Going with Jeremy Bentham’s “Stick and Carrot” theory of motivation as well as Theory X and Y by Douglas McGregor alone, it takes sanction and punishment to streamline rightful thinking of human beings who, after freedom and “over-incentivization”, will relax on the job. Supervision should be planned in appropriate times and frequency to make teachers live to their responsibility. 4. Instituting awards for good performance is another important means of letting teachers know about the recognition of their efforts. Regular and well-planned awarding events devoid of bias, favouritism and cronyism will go a long way to boost the morale of teachers who are willing to die for the profession. Teachers are not only motivated by the financial and material benefits from such ventures, they are also incentivised by the recognition and the challenges it puts on them. It also fires up the efforts of other teachers who aspire to gain same feat in future. In the end, performance of teachers goes up. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 84 5. Conditions at work places should be improved. What is meant here is that, not only the school environments should be serene; resources to work should be available all the times. The interpersonal relationship should be the type that instils hope for the workers. Leadership should be concerned about the promotion of the young workers. As such, training and workshops and encouragement for further education should be discussed by leaders to the followers and all these will make a working environment be like a home. 6.4. Further Area of Studies Further studies on other dimensions of job motivation or teachers’ efficacy should be conducted to determine the correlation between teachers’ efficacy with their job performance A new perspective on job motivational variables which not only takes into consideration the unique characteristics of the variables used in this study but their environmental and cultural derivation is thus highly suggested.Using the teachers’ motivation variables in this study will be a guide for further research to be carried out on a wider premise and covering many districts of the region as well as the country as a way of finding a lasting solution to teachers’ negative attitude toward work and the declining trends in the performance of the public basic schools. 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(2003) Case Study Research: Design and Methods SAGE Publications, Social Science University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 93 APPENDIX 1 QUESTIONNAIRE UNIVERSITY OF GHANA (BUSINESS SCHOOL) DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND PUBLIC HEALTH MPHIL PUBLIC ADMINSTRATION These questions are to help study motivation and performance among teachers in La- Nkwantanang Madina Education Directorate of Ghana Education Service. The study is an anonymous one and serves only academic purposes. Any information given would be treated as strictly confidential. Honesty in your response is very essential. You are invited to participate in this survey by completing the enclosed questionnaire. Thanks a lot. Section A: Socio-demographic characteristics data: For the questions below tick (ƴ) the appropriate answer(s) 1. Sex Male Female 2. Age (in years) 18-25 26- 35 36-45 46-55 56-60 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 94 3. Ethnicity Ewe Akan Ga-Adamgbe Mole Dagbani/Northerner Other, specify......................................................................................................………. 4 Marital Status Single Married Divorced Separated Widowed 5 Family size Large Medium Small Section B: The nature of socio-economic status (education, job and incomes) Highest academic qualification Basic Secondary Teacher Training Tertiary (degree) Masters Degree 1. What is your position or role at work place?................................................................. 2. What role do you play exactly…………………………………………....………… 3. What is your rank A D 1 AD 2 Principal Sup Senior Sup I Senior Sup II Superintendent I Class Teacher University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 95 General Statements on Teachers’ Motivation Please circle ONE of the alternative responses to each statement. 1. Teachers in this school are well-motivated Strongly disagree Disagree Not sure Agree Strongly agree 2. Teachers at this school have the knowledge and skills to do their jobs well Strongly disagree Disagree Not sure Agree Strongly agree 3. The working environment at this school is adequate Strongly disagree Disagree Not sure Agree Strongly agree 4. Teacher absenteeism is not a problem at this school Strongly disagree Disagree Not sure Agree Strongly agree 5. Teachers at this school come to work on time Strongly disagree Disagree Not sure Agree Strongly agree 6. Teachers in this school are well-managed Strongly disagree Disagree Not sure Agree Strongly agree 7. The head teacher of this school leads by example Strongly disagree Disagree Not sure Agree Strongly agree 8. Teachers at this school work well together Strongly disagree Disagree Not sure Agree Strongly agree 9. Teachers salary are usually paid on time Strongly disagree Disagree Not sure Agree Strongly agree 10. School inspectors regularly visit this school University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 96 Strongly disagree Disagree Not sure Agree Strongly agree 11. Teachers and parents work well together Strongly disagree Disagree Not sure Agree Strongly agree 12. Our head teacher regularly observes classes Strongly disagree Disagree Not sure Agree Strongly agree 13. Our head teacher is often away from school on private business Strongly disagree Disagree Not sure Agree Strongly agree 14 Our head teacher is often away from school on official duties Strongly disagree Disagree Not sure Agree Strongly agree 15. Teachers at this school are increasingly de-motivated Strongly disagree Disagree Not sure Agree Strongly agree 16. The behaviour of pupils in class is not a problem for teachers at this school Strongly disagree Disagree Not sure Agree Strongly agree 17 Teacher transfers are managed well and fairly Strongly disagree Disagree Not sure Agree Strongly agree 18. Teachers sometimes come to school hungry Strongly disagree Disagree Not sure Agree Strongly agree 19. Teachers are respected in the community Strongly disagree Disagree Not sure Agree Strongly agree 20. Teachers at this school think their trade union is doing a good job Strongly disagree Disagree Not sure Agree Strongly agree 21. Qualified teachers are better motivated than unqualified teachers Strongly disagree Disagree Not sure Agree Strongly agree 22. Female teachers are better motivated than male teachers Strongly disagree Disagree Not sure Agree Strongly agree University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 1 APPENDIX 2 PASS (%) BOY GIRL TOTAL RANK BOY GIRL TOTAL Accra Metropolitan 22.50 22.73 22.62 9 66.33 65.93 66.12 Ada East 27.99 28.90 28.41 15 37.12 28.54 33.17 Ada West 27.44 28.13 27.74 13 42.74 35.64 39.63 Adenta Municipal 20.25 20.13 20.19 3 77.80 78.41 78.12 Ashiaman Municipal 21.66 23.01 22.36 7 72.69 66.42 69.41 Ga Central 19.31 20.02 19.67 1 83.19 80.45 81.81 Ga East Municipal 22.35 22.37 22.36 6 69.15 70.98 70.09 Ga South Municipal 19.86 20.04 19.95 2 79.84 79.32 79.58 Ga West Municipal 20.62 21.04 20.83 4 79.17 77.74 78.44 Kpone Katamansu 23.20 24.06 23.64 12 63.11 57.70 60.33 La Dadekotopon 23.12 22.91 23.01 11 64.16 62.07 63.06 La Kwantanang 22.47 23.42 22.95 10 68.63 64.01 66.28 Ledzokuku Krowor 22.15 22.72 22.45 8 71.99 72.98 72.51 Ningo Prampram 28.12 28.69 28.38 14 33.29 28.17 30.91 Shai Osudoku 28.42 28.85 28.64 16 31.23 26.11 28.63 Tema Metropolitan 21.79 22.21 22.01 5 64.59 63.77 64.16 DISTRICT DISTRICT PERFORMANCE - BECE 2014 MEAN AGGR. PASS (%) BOY GIRL TOTAL RANK BOY GIRL TOTAL GA CENTRAL 19.42 19.70 19.56 1 81.19 81.37 81.28 GA SOUTH 20.18 20.07 20.12 2 75.31 78.73 77.01 TEMA 20.98 21.55 21.28 3 67.12 65.24 66.15 ADENTAN 20.72 22.16 21.44 4 74.93 66.57 70.74 GA EAST 21.47 21.59 21.53 5 73.88 71.87 72.86 LEKMA 21.80 21.99 21.90 6 75.11 75.91 75.52 GA WEST 21.85 22.37 22.11 7 73.97 72.01 72.99 ASHAIMAN 21.84 22.62 22.24 8 71.37 70.25 70.79 ACCRA 22.38 22.84 22.62 9 69.06 66.52 67.74 LA DADEKOTOPON 22.58 22.66 22.62 10 66.73 64.61 65.61 LA NKWANTANANG 22.94 22.99 22.97 11 68.85 68.40 68.62 KPONE KATAMANSU 24.39 24.95 24.69 12 55.88 54.71 55.25 NINGO-PRAMPRAM 27.45 28.31 27.86 13 4 .84 32.68 36.97 ADA WEST 7.63 29.07 28.26 14 42.17 30.11 36.95 ADA EAST 27. 6 28.81 28.33 15 39.63 32.78 36.61 SHAI-OSUDOKU 28.91 29.23 29.05 16 29.82 22.30 26.54 GT. ACCRA 2.22 22.57 22.40 68.56 67.05 67.79 DISTRICT DISTRICT PERFORMANCE - BECE 2013 MEAN AGGR. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 2 M F Total M F Total M F Total GREATER ACCRA REGION 89.59 91.31 90.48 86.34 84.4 85.34 82.15 79.1 80.58 84.88 83.14 83.98 3.96 3.8 3.88 4.43 4.66 4.55 4.17 4.33 4.25 4.23 4.43 4.33 37,752 40,323 78,075 25,890 26,637 52,527 67.28 22.44 22.87 22.66 0101 Total Accra Metro Total 91.69 92.9 92.32 86.89 84.76 85.785 83.65 80.41 81.96 85.23 83.5 84.33 3.77 3.62 3.69 4.35 4.62 4.49 4.1607 4.3541 4.2613 4.2 4.44 4.324 11296 12232 23528 7,885 8,114 15,999 68 9 22.3 22.85 22.59 8 0102 Total Tema Total 87.42 90.17 88.86 84.16 84.65 84.418 80.72 80.21 80.45 85.54 85.18 85.35 3.79 3.58 3.68 4.24 4.34 4.29 4.0392 4.0537 4.0468 4.004 4.09 4.05 3298 3671 6969 2,250 2,528 4,778 68.6 8 21.22 21.26 21.24 3 0103 Total Ga West Total 93.59 94.4 94 93.26 92.09 92.657 89.22 87.38 88.27 90.81 89.63 90.21 3.64 3.53 3.59 4.1 4.33 4.22 3.6945 3.887 3.7935 3.909 4.09 4.004 3072 3252 6324 2,424 2,496 4,920 77.8 1 20.96 21.49 21.23 2 0104 Total Ada East Total 83.42 83.33 83.38 77.26 69.31 73.684 63.25 48.75 56.71 72.82 58.96 66.57 4.86 4.89 4.87 5.78 6.34 6.03 5.0667 5.5052 5.2641 5.369 5.9 5.61 585 480 1065 280 164 444 41.7 14 27.05 28.35 27.64 14 0105 Total Shai-Osudoku Total 65.63 67.59 66.56 59.13 50.34 54.976 48.76 37.59 43.47 61.3 55.34 58.48 5.68 5.55 5.62 6.45 6.82 6.62 5.8421 6.2672 6.0432 5.805 6.12 5.952 646 580 1226 185 139 324 26.4 16 28.79 29.04 28.91 16 0106 Total Ga East Total 92.36 93.17 92.78 87.52 84.15 85.788 85.51 83.54 84.5 90.17 88.94 89.54 3.74 3.66 3.7 4.32 4.53 4.43 4.1287 4.2936 4.2136 3.924 4.17 4.051 1780 1890 3670 1,272 1,316 2,588 70.5 6 22.16 22.64 22.41 7 0107 Total Ga South Total 89.13 89.96 89.55 89.15 86.77 87.943 86.96 83.41 85.16 88.49 87.07 87.77 4.02 3.93 3.97 4.06 4.32 4.19 3.962 4.1308 4.0477 3.926 4.13 4.031 3270 3366 6636 2,402 2,359 4,761 71.7 4 21.49 21.9 21.7 4 0108 Total Adenta Municipal Total 94.54 95.51 95.05 91.54 88.55 89.975 85.55 79.42 82.34 90.04 86.87 88.38 3.33 3.27 3.3 4.01 4.33 4.18 3.77 3.8911 3.8335 3.898 4.07 3.987 1135 1249 2384 861 895 1,756 73.7 3 20.52 21.08 20.81 1 0109 Total Ledzokuku-Krowor Total88.63 91.56 90.17 82.13 83.08 82.628 78.55 76.37 77.41 83.7 83.59 83.64 4.29 4.05 4.17 4.77 4.95 4.86 4.624 4.6101 4.6167 4.402 4.51 4.461 2571 2845 5416 1,661 1,795 3,456 63.8 11 23.67 23.97 23.83 11 0110 Total Ashaiman Metro Total 92.54 92.86 92.71 89.08 86.03 87.475 88.37 85.34 86.77 85.44 84.05 84.71 3.8 3.78 3.79 4.15 4.53 4.35 3.7709 4.0731 3.9299 4.017 4.4 4.218 1676 1863 3539 1,235 1,303 2,538 71.7 5 21.26 22.54 21.93 5 0111 Total La Dade Kotopon Total 87.97 90.74 89.42 80.95 83.37 82.22 75.16 74.06 74.58 76.14 78.36 77.3 4.15 3.85 3.99 4.68 4.82 4.75 4.3401 4.3149 4.3268 4.585 4.62 4.602 1538 1696 3234 979 1,098 2,077 64.2 10 22.83 22.73 22.78 9 0112 Total Kpone Katamanso Total88.82 89.88 89.38 86.91 81.28 83.959 78.27 72.39 75.19 77.53 72.34 74.81 4.17 4.13 4.15 4.67 5.08 4.88 4.4003 4.7437 4.5801 4.637 5.03 4.841 1727 1898 3625 1,100 1,085 2,185 60.3 12 23.66 24.8 24.26 12 0113 Total Ningo Prampram Total 69.75 73.05 71.33 73.15 68.84 71.088 57.33 49.17 53.42 67.53 60.79 64.3 5.51 5.21 5.37 5.94 6.27 6.1 5.0832 5.2375 5.1571 5.464 5.76 5.605 853 783 1636 340 288 628 38.4 15 27.29 27.47 27.37 13 0114 Total La Nkwantanang Total 90.33 93.14 91.82 90.39 87.52 88.868 83.87 82.06 82.91 87.35 85.59 86.42 4.07 3.87 3.96 4.34 4.47 4.41 4.0455 4.1347 4.0929 4.193 4.34 4.272 1779 2012 3791 1,246 1,381 2,627 69.3 7 22.78 22.86 22.82 10 0115 Total Ga Central Total 92.79 94.92 93.87 89.29 87.41 88.33 87.81 85.45 86.6 91.4 89.74 90.55 3.7 3.61 3.65 4.13 4.4 4.27 3.9548 4.1353 4.0469 3.934 4.21 4.075 2038 2125 4163 1,526 1,554 3,080 74 2 21.64 22.25 21.95 6 0116 Total Ada West Total 72.75 67.98 70.66 80.12 62.63 72.465 73.98 52.49 64.56 77.25 57.48 68.58 5.48 5.73 5.59 5.44 6.25 5.79 5.0902 5.8711 5.432 5.098 6.03 5.506 488 381 869 244 122 366 42.1 13 27.03 28.82 27.82 15 Grand Total Regional Total 89.59 91.31 90.48 86.34 84.4 85.336 82.15 79.1 80.58 84.88 83.14 83.98 3.96 3.8 3.88 4.43 4.66 4.55 4.1734 4.3253 4.2518 4.226 4.43 4.333 37752 40323 78075 25,890 26,637 52,527 67.3 #N/A 22.44 22.87 22.66 #N/A Eng Maths Soc St Science 2015 BECE DATA Source, GT Accra Educational Directorate, 2016 % Attainin g aggr 6- (% Pass) Ranking Mean Aggregate District Code District Name Proficiency Level in Percentage Grade (1 -6) Mean Grade No. that wrote exams No. that attained aggr 6-30 (including core) Eng Maths Soc St Science University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh